Post-2015 Global Development Agenda:Content, Influence and China's Participation

Abstract: The core content of post-2015 development agenda includes the two aspects of sustainable development goals (SDGs) and the global partnership for development. SDGs are the integration and upgrade of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the concept of sustainable development, so poverty eradication and sustainable development is the core of SDGs. As an important support for the achievement of global development goals, since the 1960s, international development cooperation has gone through three stages, enjoyed increasingly diversified modes of cooperation, and seen the gradual rise of new contributors of global development. In this situation, the construction of a new global partnership for development is on the agenda. The implementation of post-2015 agenda will have significant impacts on the formulation of domestic development objectives and the modes of international development cooperation. China is one of the emerging economies, and the commitments it made on UN summits fully reflect that it is a responsible power, which has been widely recognized and commended by the international community. However, China's sustainable development will encounter a variety of domestic and international challenges. In dealing with these challenges, China needs to develop a workable indicator system of sustainable development as quickly as possible, adhere to the principle of having North-South cooperation as the core and urging developed countries to fulfill international commitments, strengthen South-South cooperation making it a useful complement to North-South cooperation, earnestly fulfill its international responsibility and actively promote the construction of a new global partnership for development.

With the advent of 2015 MDGs deadline, the formulation and implementation of new development goals was put on the agenda. After two years of discussion, the future 2016-2030 global development agenda has been formed, and has been discussed and passed by the UN General Assembly at the end of September. In general, post-2015 development agenda includes two aspects: the sustainable development goals and the new global partnership for development. Wherein, SDGs is both the inheritance and the transcending of the past global development goals (especially MDGs), which not only includes the core ideas of the past global development goals but also takes into account the new global challenges, becoming the most extensive, comprehensive and ambitious global development goals in history. The new global partnership for development is a strong support for the implementation of SDGs, and a result of the evolution of international development cooperation models at all stages since 1960. So, what is the main content of these lofty and ambitious global development goals? What effects will it have on the formulation of national development goals and the modes of international development cooperation? With the growing enhancement of China's international status, its influence in the field of international development is also increasing, so the international community's expectations for China to assume more responsibility are also growing. On the 70th session of the UN General Assembly and related summits, China made a number of substantive commitments including the establishment of China-UN Foundation for Peace and Development, setting up a "South-South Cooperation Assistance Fund", exemption of the intergovernmental interest-free loans for some countries, and the establishment of international development knowledge center. These fully demonstrate China's determination and courage to shoulder more international responsibility for global sustainable development and show that China has become an important contributor for global sustainable development. We have reasons to believe that China will play a more important role in the future international development. Nevertheless, China is still a developing country itself. On the road towards sustainable development, it may encounter a variety of domestic and international challenges during the period of transformation and even in a long term, such as environmental pollution, inequality, lack of innovative capacity, and other dilemmas. In the international arena, China is facing increasing pressure for international responsibilities, inadequate level of international cooperation and other problems. To better address these challenges and realize post-2015 sustainable development agenda as soon as possible, how will China deal with these problems?

I. The Formulation and Content of Post-2015 Development Agenda

The core of an international development agenda actually consists of two parts, namely global development goals and international responsibility, which is about international development cooperation in reality. The gobal development goals set in post-2015 agenda are Sustainable Development Goals, which is the inheritance and transcending of the previously existing global development goals. As an important support to the achievement of global development goals, international development cooperation has experienced drastic changes, which involve wider cooperation fields, more participants, increasingly diverse cooperation modes, and so on.

i. The Formulation and Content of Sustainable Development Goals

1. The Formulation of Sustainable Development Goals

Since 2000, UN agencies began to consider the formulation of post-2015 development agenda, aiming at going beyond MDGs and constructing a comprehensive and inclusive future global development framework. In 2011, the United Nations Secretariat issued its annual report "Accelerating progress towards the Millennium Development Goals: options for sustained and inclusive growth and issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015", which summed up the progress towards Millennium Development Goals and provided recommendations for the consultation process of the development agenda after 2015. In particular, the report pointed out that the consultation process of post-2015 agenda needed the participation of multiple actors, including government departments, civil society, private sector, and academia and so on. In July 2012, the United Nations Secretariat appointed a High-Level Panel of Eminent Persons. After nearly a year of research and discussion, this panel submitted a report to the Secretariat in May 2013, which elaborated on the panel members' views on post-2015 agenda and the main principles to reshape the global partnership for development and the like. In September, the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Financing for Development (Rio +20, namely the Rio Summit) proposed to formulate a set of sustainable development goals with the concept of sustainable development as its core. The goals try to incorporate the three pillars of economy, society and environment into a unified framework of sustainable development, and pointed out that the SDGs will be based on MDGs and be consistent with the post-2015 UN development agenda.  The Rio Summit set up an Opening Working Group (OWG) to formulate sustainable development goals. On September 17, 2013, OWG submitted an outcome document to the 68th session of the UN General Assembly, which contains 17 goals and more than 160 targets for the discussions and consultations among UN member states. This outcome document was the early form of SDGs. On May 2, 2014, OWG published a list of countries that made proposals for this goal system, which clearly showed the positions and views of different regions and different countries with different development levels on the sustainable development goals. After several rounds of inter-governmental negotiations, so far the goal system of sustainable development has been finalized, which was examined and passed by the 70th Session of the UN General Assembly on September 25 and formally come into effect on January 1, 2016. This goal system will be a programmatic document guiding the global and national sustainable development in the next 15 years.

2. The Content of Sustainable Development Goals

Post-2015 sustainable development goals include 17 goals and 169 related targets, mainly covering the five dimensions of economy, society, environment, security and partnership, which can be summarized as "5P" principle--People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership. As can be seen, concerning all aspects of human and social development, "5P" principle is intended to build a human society of prosperous economy, social stability, friendly environment, global harmony and common development. It should be noted that under each goal the concrete ways of implementation are listed, which not only make clear the international responsibilities different countries on the different levels of development should take, but also guide their domestic policy-making of sustainable development. Moreover, SDGs also stress the need to strengthen monitoring and evaluation on various levels (national level, regional level and global level). In doing so, more than a thousand indicators may be set to review and guide the implementation process of SDGs in different countries.

The 17 goals of SDGs are listed in the following table. Roughly classified, the economic dimension mainly include Goal 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 9 and 11, the core content of which is to eradicate poverty and improve people's living conditions through economic growth. It can be seen that the goals and targets in this dimension are largely an extension of MDGs, but with relatively higher starting points. Specifically, Goal 1 emphasizes the need to eliminate extreme poverty in the world by 2030 and to eliminate at least half of the multidimensional poverty; Goal 2 is set to end hunger and all forms of malnutrition by 2030; Goal 3 is set to reach the targets in the field of infant mortality, child mortality, AIDS and other disease by 2030; Goal 6 stress the need to ensure equitable access to safe drinking water and sanitation for al by 2030; Goal 8 points out the importance to ensure  at least 7% per annum GDP growth and synchronized  per capita GDP growth in the least-developed countries, and achieve full and productive employment by 2030; Goal 9 aims to strengthen infrastructure construction to promote economic growth, and to strive to achieve industrialization and innovation, but its targets are not quantified; Goal 11 stresses the need to ensure that all people have access to safe and affordable housing, transport systems, public space and so on, to improve the living environment for all.

The social dimension includes Goal 4, 5, 10 and 16, whose core purpose is to realize the equity and justice of society. Specifically, Goal 4 emphasizes equity in education, ensuring the universal access to free compulsory education and the equality of educational opportunities; Goal 5 focuses on gender equality, to end all forms of discrimination against women (violence and other harmful practices) and ensure women's equal participation in economic, political and public life, but the deadline for the achievement is not set; Goal 10 aims to reduce the income inequality within and between countries and to promote the decision-making power of developing countries in international affairs, but it does not set a deadline; Goal 16 emphasizes the importance of establishing an effective system of justice and accountability and proposes to build a peaceful and inclusive society, but no deadline for most of its targets.

Environmental dimension mainly includes Goal 12 to 15, the core of which is to achieve environmental sustainability. In doing so, countries will take measures to deal with waste, cope with climate change and rationally use oceans, forests, land and other natural resources, in order to achieve the desired objectives as soon as possible. The security dimension is mainly under Goal 16, which highlights the security issues of reducing various domestic and overseas violence, organized crime and illicit flows of property and arms, to provide peaceful environment for sustainable development, but the specific targets are not quantified. Partnership for sustainable development is mainly under Goal 17, which reaffirms the importance of the international responsibility for developed countries to take, North-South cooperation, South-South cooperation and other forms of international cooperation, including ODA, debt sustainability, technology transfer, capacity building, trade, and systemic issues and so on. However, most targets are not quantified and the deadline for them is not set. To be specific, the developed countries should implement fully their ODA commitments, including to provide 0.7% of GNI in ODA to developing countries; Developed countries should promote technology transfer to developing countries and promote their capacity building for sustainable development through various forms of international cooperation; An open and equitable multilateral trading system should be established to significantly increase exports of developing countries; Systemic issues involve enhancing global macroeconomic stability, enhancing policy coherence for sustainable development, respecting each country's policy space, public-private cooperation, increasing data availability in developing countries, and so on.




Table 1:  Comparison of Content between SDGs and MDGs

MDGs	SDGs
Goal 1: To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger	Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere
	Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture
Goal 4: To reduce child mortality Goal 5: To improve maternal health Goal 6: To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases	Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
Goal 2: To achieve universal primary education	Goal 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all
Goal 3: To promote gender equality	Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
	Goal 6: Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
	Goal 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all
	Goal 8: Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all
	Goal 9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation
	Goal 10: Reduce inequality within and among countries
	Goal 11: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
	Goal 12: Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
Goal 7: To ensure environmental sustainability	Goal 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts
	Goal 14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development
	Goal 15: Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss
	Goal 16: Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels
Goal 8: To develop a global partnership for development	Goal 17: Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development

Source: United Nations Web site

Through the above analysis we can draw the conclusion that SDGs are the inheritance and transcending of MDGs. Inheritance means that SDGs are based on MDGs and SDGs will first try to achieve the unaccomplished goals of MDGs, especially those most backward targets. Transcending means that the goals and targets of SDGs are far more extensive and have higher standards than MDGs, such as the new goals in security, energy and other aspects. Moreover, in SDGs poverty elimination replaces poverty reduction and the target population is expanded to include everyone and the next generation. More importantly, SDGs clearly outlines the specific implementation plans, which MDGs did not do.

In fact, SDGs not only learnt from the experience and lessons of MDGs, but also inherited the spirits of other past global development agenda, objectives and conferences. Up to now, the United Nations has formulated three sets of global development goals: environmentally sustainable development goals by "Agenda 21" in 1992, MDGs identified by 2000 "Millennium Declaration", and the post-2015 SDGs. The former two sets of global goals are important source of ideas and basis for the formulation of SDGs. In June 1992, the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development passed two programmatic documents: "Rio Declaration on Environment and Development" and "Agenda 21", which aimed to promote and broaden the international community's understanding of environmental issues, emphasize the importance of harmony of environment, economic and social development, and became the basic principles and program of action for all human beings to implement sustainable development strategies. In order to achieve sustainable development, having the harmonious development of environment and economy as the core, "Agenda 21" included nearly 40 goals and related objectives, and clarified the corresponding basis for action, activities and means of implementation, covering all areas of sustainable development. Specifically, in terms of economic sustainable development, Agenda 21 put forward the two goals of combating poverty and changing consumption patterns; In the aspect of social sustainable development, it proposed the four goals of improving population quality, health and disease control, improving human living environment and protecting vulnerable groups; In terms of environmental sustainability, the Agenda set objectives concerning atmosphere, land, deserts, forests, oceans, mountains, biodiversity, freshwater resources, chemicals, waste treatment, and so on. 2012 Rio Summit reaffirmed the principles of sustainable development highlighted by 1992 Rio Summit and had them as an important reference for the formulation of SDGs.

1992 Sustainable Development Goals provided a blueprint for development from the 1990s to the 21st century, but its implementation was not satisfactory. The international community recognized that the 1992 Sustainable Development Goals are only an ambitious long-term vision and to achieve this vision needs phased implementation plan, so MDGs came into being. Different from the overall and qualitative objectives of sustainable development agenda, MDGs only developed eight overall goals. Further speaking, on the one hand, these eight goals include the four aspects of economy, society, environment and international cooperation, which basically fully inherited the content of 1992 sustainable development goals. And MDGs also clearly pointed out that the focus on poverty reduction (aiming at reducing global poverty by half by 2015) largely avoided the decentralization of 1992 sustainable development goals. On the other hand, the eight goals were further divided into 21 targets, most of which were quantified and had a 2015 deadline. Meanwhile, MDGs also set up 60 indicators to monitor and evaluate national implementation. However, too much focus on poverty reduction, income poverty in particular, reduced the attention to economic and environmental issues, which resulted in their lagging behind social targets.

Overall, the 1992 sustainable development goals and the Millennium Development Goals have pointed out the importance of the harmony of economic, social and environmental development, but the former had environmental sustainability as the core and the latter focused on poverty reduction, both of which failed to fully take into account the three pillars of sustainable development--economy, environment and society. SDGs actually encompass the two core themes of poverty eradication and sustainable development. To a large extent, it is the integration of 1992 environment-sustainability goals and MDGs. At the same time, it takes into account the new global challenges, such as the structure adjustment of global governance and the establishment of policy coordination mechanisms in response to the global financial crisis. For this reason, SDGs are broader, more comprehensive and have higher starting points. In other words, there are inheritance among the three sets of global development goals, whose core issues experienced the change from environmental protection to poverty reduction and to inclusive and sustainable development, from qualitative to quantitative, from focus on single indicator to the emphasis on coordinated development, which reflect the concept of “environmental protection is a prerequisite; economic development is the basis; and social progress is the guarantee”. At the same time, the importance of international cooperation was emphasized in all the three sets of global development goals, which indicates the concept of “international cooperation is the support”.

ii. The Evolution of International Development Cooperation

It is a shared responsibility and mission of the international community to achieve any global development goals. Any country alone does not have the ability to pursue the sustainable development of the whole world. Only through international cooperation can global sustainable development be achieved. The current mode of international cooperation for development originated in 1969’s "Pearson Report", which recommended that developed countries should provide to developing countries official development assistance, technology transfer, trade concessions, etc. to achieve common development worldwide.

In the 1960s and 1970s, the main task of international development cooperation was to help the newly independent countries to achieve economic and social development and the main tool adopted was to provide official development assistance directly. Therefore, at that time, the model of international development cooperation was North-South cooperation. In this model, developed countries were in a dominant position by providing capital, technology and staff, and developing countries were passive recipients of assistance and tied conditions. In this period political considerations influenced international development cooperation greatly.

In the 1980s and 1990s, international development cooperation had three distinct characteristics. First, it emphasized the importance of sustainable development and promoted international cooperation in the field of environmental protection. At the same time, due to the cross-border nature of environmental issues and the different views on burden-sharing between developed and developing countries, 1992 Rio Summit first proposed the "Common but Differentiated Responsibilities" principle, which became the cornerstone of all international agendas and international cooperation in the future and was the largest contribution of this summit. Second, it advocated that market players should be included in global partnership. For example, Agenda 21 pointed out that to implement this Agenda the UN agencies and developed countries should join their efforts,  and government authorities, non-governmental organizations, universities, research centers, business organizations and other private institutions should assist these efforts. In spite of this, international development cooperation in this period was still dominated by government departments, with very low degree of participation from private sector and civil society organizations. Public-private cooperation was very rare. Third, debt relief and restructuring was one of the important ways of international development cooperation. In the 1980s and 1990s, many developing countries experienced debt crisis. In coping with this, the international community had developed a series of programs to restore debt sustainability in developing countries. Developed countries used conditioned aid to force developing countries to accept the so-called structural adjustment programs. This means that in this period international development cooperation was still dominated by North-South cooperation, and developed countries were in the dominant position.

In 2000, the Millennium Declaration formally had global development partnership itself as the eighth goal of Millennium Development Goals and used it promote the other seven goals. MDG 8 consists of 16 specific indicators and covers five areas: official development assistance, developing countries' market access in developed countries, developing countries' debt sustainability, developing countries' access to basic medicine, and developing countries' adoption of new technologies. In the past 15 years, international development cooperation has made great progress in twists and turns, and cooperation mode has undergone great changes. First, modes of cooperation become increasingly diverse. Different from the single mode of cooperation before 2000, the coordination of trade, investment, assistance and other areas was emphasized in this period. For example, instead of direct assistance, "aid for trade" was used more to strengthen the capacity-building of recipient countries, in hope of promoting international trade and ultimately achieving the desired development goals. Second was the rise of new global development contributors. Before 2000, the countries in the world were mainly divided into developed countries and developing countries, and the role of emerging economies had not yet been highlighted. Therefore, the mode of international development cooperation was mainly North-South cooperation and South-South cooperation had not attracted attention. Even before 2005, the situation remained unchanged. However, in 2005, especially after the global financial and economic crisis, emerging economies including China began to draw more and more attention as new contributors to international development cooperation. South-South cooperation has become an important supplement to North-South cooperation, and emerging economies are increasingly involved in triangle and multilateral cooperation. Finally, the construction of a new global partnership for development is put on the agenda. In the past international development cooperation, developing countries were more passive, and their ownership in development was often neglected. At the same time, government departments were the main actors of cooperation, and other non-governmental actors had little chance to participate. In 2011, Busan Declaration was signed by the Fourth High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness. The Declaration aimed to promote a new global partnership for development covering donors, recipient countries, emerging economies, civil society groups, private sector and other contributing actors. 2012 Rio Summit reaffirmed the importance of this new global partnership.

SDG 17 inherits MDG 8, emphasizing that partnership for sustainable development includes a wide range of content covering trade, aid, debt sustainability, and so on. More importantly, in the development agenda after 2015, the international community generally considers a new global partnership for development as one of the key factors in achieving future SDGs. Therefore, the international community proposes to construct a partnership for sustainable development including multiple actors. Its specific measures include sustainable development policy coordination, promotion of public-private partnerships and so on. In fact, as early as in the report submitted by the panel of eminent persons, it advocated the establishment of a new global partnership for development, which is of equality and mutual benefit and includes international organizations, developed and developing countries, civil society groups, private sector and so on, as an important tool in achieving global sustainable development. The new global partnership for development will change the mode of international development cooperation and influence the responsibility sharing of the countries of different income levels.

II. The Impact of Post-2015 Development Agenda

Whether the 1992 environment-sustainable goals, or the 2000 MDGs, or 2015 SDGs, undoubtedly became or will become reference or even guidelines for the formulation of domestic development policies, influencing the modes of international development cooperation at the same time. Because of the big differences of development levels, development demands, national conditions and so on in different countries, the impacts of post-2015 development agenda on the domestic and foreign policies will vary in different countries.

i. Impacts on National Development Goals

1. Developed Countries

Overall, poverty reduction is not the major development issue in developed countries. Although their economic development is less prosperous in recent years, the economic levels are still much higher than in developing countries. Therefore, the targets of poverty reduction and economic development in SDGs have little binding effect for developed countries. In contrast, the challenges that developed countries face in sustainable development are mainly in the fields of environmental and social development, especially in the social aspect of sustainable development. Specifically, in the aspect of environmental sustainability, developed countries are facing a shortage of resources, wasteful and extravagant patterns of consumption, investment surge of environmental pollution control and other issues. In order to achieve environmentally sustainable development, developed countries need to "green" the existing production technology and facilities, adopt sustainable consumption patterns, and achieve economic and social development under the premise of maintaining the sustainable use of resources and environment. In the social aspect of sustainable development, social unrest seems to have become the norm in developed countries. The unrests like violence, terrorism and ethnic conflict have been further exacerbated by the global financial and economic crisis. The social unrest has brought great distress to the developed countries. If not controlled, it will become a big barrier for their sustainable development. Two main reasons causing social unrest in developed countries are serious inequality and racial discrimination, which needs more attention of developed countries. Moreover, population aging is becoming more and more serious in developed countries. As a result of this, labor shortages and heavier social burden are also the social problems developed countries have to face.

All in all, the development issues of environmental and social sustainability will be highlighted in the future development goals of developed countries. Because the developed countries have accumulated rich experience in environmental governance, social sustainability issues will become the core of their national development objectives. However, it should be noted that the formulation and implementation of post-2015 agenda is relatively consistent with the development process in developed countries. The goals of environmental and social sustainability in the new agenda are compatible to the national development planning of developed countries. Therefore, the influence of post-2015 agenda on the development goals of developed countries will be quite limited.

2. Emerging Economies

Among all the country groups, emerging economies are most affected by post-2015 agenda and exposed to the greatest pressure. They achieved outstanding success of economic growth and accomplished the goal of poverty reduction early, which increased their influence on the global stage. Therefore, the international community expects them to bear more responsibilities, and even treats them as the equivalent actors to developed countries. However, developed countries have already realized industrialization and have solid economic foundation. But the economies of emerging countries are still in transition and face a variety of development challenges, especially to deal with the conflicts between industrialization and environmental protection. Before 2015, emerging economies achieved economic growth partly at the expense of environmental sustainability, but environmental sustainability and economic growth must be put in the same position in the post-2015 development plans. This means that in order to achieve SDGs, emerging economies need to pursue industrialization and "greenization" simultaneously.

3. Other Developing Countries

Since the introduction of MDGs, the United Nations published “Millennium Development Goals Report” and “Millennium Development Goals Gap Task Force Report”(《千年发展目标进度表》) annually to follow the MDGs progress. 2013 reports showed that the progress of MDGs was very uneven between regions. East Asia was expected to achieve most of targets in 2015，but other regions could not. Especially in Sub-Saharan Africa, it was almost impossible for them to achieve any target before the deadline. In other words, most developing countries would not achieve MDGs as scheduled. This indicates that to achieve MDGs is still a main task for most developing countries after 2015. For this reason, in theory, for other developing countries except emerging economies, to fulfill post-2015 agenda will be a too ambitious goal. However, considering the reality, since most developing countries still need to focus on poverty reduction goals of MDGs, it will be very difficult for them to implement most of the targets in SDGs, particularly environmental objectives. So the development agenda after 2015 will become non-binding in fact. In other words, post-2015 agenda will not have great influence on the setting of domestic development goals in developing countries. Even influenced by the agenda, developing countries will mainly choose the lowest standards of SDGs, which in a large extent will become a simple continuation of MDGs.

ii. Implications for International Development Cooperation

1. Change the Traditional Allocation of Powers and Responsibilities in International Development Cooperation

Post-2015 SDGs extends the coverage to "all humankind" that includes not only the population below the poverty line in developing countries, but also the people lack of equal opportunities in developed countries, which focuses on "balanced" development and highlights the huge change of development concept. Under this concept, even people in high-income countries are also the target population of sustainable development agenda, which will alter the original North-South cooperation model into a true global development. This means that in post-2015 international cooperation, developed countries will no longer appear as mere aid donor, but play the role of both providers and beneficiaries. Many developing countries complained that this change will significantly reduce the responsibilities of developed countries in international cooperation.  Another result is that the emerging economies may be forced to assume more international responsibility. Both developed countries and emerging economies may shirk responsibility and compete for interests, so that many poor developing countries cannot get timely and effective assistance, which has impacts on the process of global sustainable development.  

2. The Role of Private Sector in International Development Cooperation will continue to Increase

According to the World Bank, trillions of dollars of development aid will be needed in the future, most of which may need to be provided by private capital, especially the private long-term investment in the field of infrastructure. The important role of private sector in development has been globally recognized and the SDGs have proposed to encourage and promote effective public-private partnerships. It is foreseeable that the private sector will play a bigger role in the sustainable development process in the future.

3. Change the Simple Way of Direct Assistance and Put more Emphasis on Economic Growth and Capacity-building

Both social development and environmental protection need economic development as their basis. The eight Millennium Development Goals were set mainly in the field of social development and environmental protection, neglecting the significance of economic development as the prerequisites for the improvement of living conditions. For a long time, developed countries have adopted the approach of "blood transfusion" to provide developing countries with a lot of aid, but the aid effect is not ideal at all. In contrast, the emerging donor countries adopt a hematopoietic approach emphasizing the importance of economic infrastructure development, economic growth and capacity-building, which not only leads to significant economic growth, but also helps recipient countries to achieve the goal of poverty reduction. Drawing from the experience of MDGs implementation, developing countries need direct financial assistance, but they have more needs for jobs and economic growth, in particular capacity building. For this reason, the objectives of economic development and capacity building are added in SDGs, such as SDG8 "Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all", SDG9 "Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation", and so on. Therefore, the future international development cooperation will seek to enable developing countries to get more investment and economic growth opportunities, to improve production conditions and create more jobs, and to strengthen economic infrastructure. Through these efforts, public services can be improved, social conditions can be promoted and the environment can be protected.

4. Security Issues may become an Excuse for Developed Countries to interfere with the Sovereignty of other Countries

"Peace and security" is closely related to development and guarantees national sustainable development. Therefore, peace and stability must be ensured, and unrest and conflict need to be prevented. In the goal system proposed by the UN OWG, the target of reducing crime and violence is supported by 4 developed countries (Greece, Australia, Netherlands, United Kingdom), 2 emerging economies (China and Indonesia) and one other developing country (Kazakhstan); the target of reducing organized crime is supported by 8 developed countries, 2 emerging economies (China and Indonesia) and 9 other developing countries. SDGs first put the peace and security considerations into a unified agenda. However, "peace and security" is likely to be used by Western powers as a pretext for war or interference in the internal affairs of other countries, about which development countries must keep alert.

III. China's Participation in Post-2015 Development Agenda

As the first developing country that finished the poverty reduction target ahead of schedule, China has achieved most of the MDGs targets. As a recipient country, China has accumulated a wealth of development experience from its success in economic development and poverty reduction, which makes it able to provide other developing countries with development knowledge and lessons in achieving MDGs. As a donor country, China's development assistance helps recipient countries build infrastructure, train technical personnel and improve development capacity. Chinese model of international development assistance can provide important reference for the improvement of aid and development effectiveness in other developing countries. Therefore, China's participation in post-2015 development agenda is indispensable for global sustainable development process. At the same time, from 2000 to 2015, China's position and role in international political and economic arena and in international development assistance system have undergone profound changes. Economically, China is currently the world's largest developing country, the second largest economy, the largest trading nation and has the largest foreign exchange reserves. Politically, China is one of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council, an important G20 member, and the BRICS member state. In the field of international development assistance, China's foreign aid increases rapidly in recent years, and "South-South cooperation" advocated by it also begins to be recognized by the international community. Therefore, China has the ability and responsibility to participate effectively in the formulation and subsequent implementation of the post-2015 development agenda.

In view of this, China actively involves in the formulation and implementation of post-2015 development agenda, which reshapes China's role and position in international development cooperation and opens a new era for China's participation in global development. Since post-2015 development agenda was put on the agenda, China has been actively involved in the discussions and consultations, listened to opinions from all parties of the country, and made a lot of useful advice for the formulation of UN post-2015 agenda. At the UN General Assembly and its series of summits at the end of September 2015, China made a series of commitments to the world, which demonstrates China's willingness and courage to take more responsibility within it capacity and makes the international community hear China's voice about global development and the construction of the international order.

i. China and Post-2015 Development Agenda

The United Nations is very concerned about China's attitude and proposals, and China also attaches great importance to the UN post-2015 agenda. China works together with UN agencies and brings forward China's views on the priority choosing, basic principles and other issues of the new agenda. Under the support of the United Nations Development Programme, in November 2012, December 2012 and March 2013, United Nations Association of China held three informal national-level consultations in Beijing, Kunming and Beijing respectively, in order to listen to views of all sectors about the post-2015 agenda, more than 75% of participants being from social groups. They had a very extensive discussion on post-2015 agenda, which focus on six main areas, namely, poverty reduction and inclusive growth, environmental protection and green development policy, global health, women and children, education and international cooperation. During this period, China's Foreign Ministry also held an informal multi-ministerial consultation, discussing post-2015 agenda related issues. On September 22, 2013, Chinese Foreign Ministry issued China's Position Paper on the Development Agenda beyond 2015, which explained China's views and positions about the basic guiding principles, key areas, priorities and implementation mechanisms of post-2015 agenda. On May 21, 2015, China released another position paper, which reiterated the basic positions in 2013 paper and highlighted the construction of global partnership for development, development financing, global economic governance, the subsequent implementation and regulatory issues, etc. The position paper clearly elaborates on China's expectations and recommendations on post-2015 agenda, which indicates that China has been fully aware of its strength and the enhanced international status, and tries to take greater initiative in international development affairs.

If the position paper outlines a bright future for the global development beyond 2015, China's performance and commitments on the 70th session of the UN General Assembly and its series of summits are the actions China intend to take in achieving this bright future. These actions fully show that China's willingness to be a responsible power and contribute more to the international community. Chinese President Xi Jinping attended the UN Summits and made substantial commitments on the issues of environment, society, peace and security, and international cooperation. Specifically, in the area of environment, Xi Jinping stressed that the international community should walk hand in hand on the road to global ecological civilization, proposed to construct global energy network, and promoted to meet the global demand for energy in a clean and green way. China will further increase efforts to control greenhouse gas emissions, and tries to reduce carbon intensity by 40% to 45% by 2020. China is willing to take international responsibility in accordance with its national conditions, stage of development and actual capacity. China will promote the early operation of China Climate Change Fund for South-South Cooperation, supporting other developing countries to cope with climate change. In terms of social development, Xi Jinping attended the Global Summit of Women and put forward four-point proposal on the promotion of gender equality and women's full development. He promised that China will donate $ 10 million to UN Women for the implementation of related targets on post-2015 agenda. In the next five years, China will help developing countries implement 100 maternal and child health projects and 100 happy campus projects, invite 30,000 women from developing countries to China for training and train 100,000 local women staff for developing countries. In terms of peace and security, China thinks that the UN and its Security Council should play a central role in peacekeeping. China will always be peace builder, firmly take the road of peaceful development, never seek hegemony, never expand, and never seek spheres of influence. China gave a Zun of Peace to the UN as a gift and promised to set up a China-UN peace and development fund with 10-year total of $ 1 billion to support the work of UN and promote multilateral cooperation projects. China will join the new United Nations Peacekeeping Capability Readiness System, form standing peacekeeping police force and build 8,000 peacekeeping standby force. In the next five years, China will provide a total of $ 100 million free military assistance to AU to support the construction of African crisis response standing army. In terms of international cooperation, Xi Jinping made it clear that China will play a role which is different from the USA and other developed countries in the UN. China will be the leader and supporter of the developing world and China's voting power in the UN will always belong to developing countries. China is increasing aid commitments to developing countries and hopes to play a greater role in the international community. More importantly, China has taken a series of practical actions. For example, China announced that it would set up a South-South Cooperation Assistance Fund to provide a first phase $ 2 billion to support the implementation of post-2015 agenda in developing countries. China will continue to increase investment in LDCs and strive to reach 12 billion US dollars in 2030. China will exempt the overdue intergovernmental interest-free loan debt with the end of 2015 as the deadline for the LDCs, landlocked developing countries and small island developing states. Knowledge Center for International Development will established with other countries in exchange for development theories and practices of different nations. China is ready to work with relevant parties to promote the construction of "One Belt One Road" and to promote the operation of Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and the Development Bank of the BRICS countries, in order to contribute to the economic growth and people's livelihood in developing countries.

Among the heads of state attending the UN 70th anniversary celebrations, Chinese President Xi Jinping's activities were the most abundant, covering the widest issues, mentioning the most topics, making the most commitments and having the most fruitful results. These statements and commitments once again refute the false statements that China evades international responsibility and pursues freeriding in the international system, fully demonstrate China's spirits as a global power, and show that China has become a prominent contributor to global development. There is no doubt that China will play a pivotal role in the implementation of the development agenda after 2015, and will have major impacts on the promotion of the common development of the world.

ii. The Challenges China Needs to Face in the Implementation of Post-2015 Agenda

Although China has achieved most of the targets of the MDGs, there are still particular targets for China to reach, such as environmental aspects of sustainable development. Moreover, although China has made tremendous achievements in economic and social development, it is still a developing country. At present, the Chinese economy has entered a phase of "new normal". The development is unbalanced, uncoordinated and unsustainable. China is facing such challenges as weak agricultural infrastructure, big urban-rural gap, unbalanced income distribution, increasing resource and environmental constraints, lack of innovative capacity, transformation of economic development mode and economic reconstruction. The achievement of MDGs is only a basic task and a starting point for China. To achieve higher and wide SDGs, China will face unprecedented difficulties and challenges. Moreover, the enhancement of China's international status has led to higher expectation from international community, which will make it more difficult for China to play a satisfying role in global sustainable development.

1. Domestic Development

(1) Coordination between Environmental Protection and Economic Growth

By examining China's progress in implementing the MDGs in the past 15 years, we can find that China has achieved or nearly achieved 13 MDG targets. And 7 targets under the goal of global partnership for development are likely to be reached, but environmental protection, especially the target of biodiversity keeps unfulfilled. At the same time, China's environmental problems are still very serious: contaminated water and soil pollution, solid waste pollution, automobile exhaust pollution and other pollutions will continue to challenge the carrying capacity of the environment; there is apparent lack of waste treatment facilities and capabilities; facing continued reduction of biodiversity, funds for restoration and protection is in a serious shortage and people's environmental awareness is also in an urgent need to improve...... More importantly, China is facing the dual pressures of economic growth and environmental protection. For such a developing country as China, it is still a very hard task to coordinate the relationship between the two. First, on the one hand, the rapid expansion of industrialization and urbanization is the trend of economic development, but on the other hand, this in turn will cause great environmental pressure. Second, in some backward areas, local people depend on natural resources, especially biological resources for survival, but due to lack of environmental awareness and experience, human activities will threaten biological diversity. Third, at present, the environmental issues are pressing and China has entered a critical period of structural adjustment and transformation of the mode of economic development. The untapped momentum of economic growth and the slowing down economic growth will inevitably affect the input and support for environmentally sustainable development, which will exacerbate the underfunded plight of environmental protection. Sustainable development seeks the balanced development of the economic, social and environmental pillars. How to balance economic development and environmental protection is a problem China has to consider seriously in the "new normal" of development.

(2) Inequality

Although China has made remarkable achievements in the overall economic growth, it still faces prominent structural problems. Inequality is one the problems, which mainly includes income inequality, educational inequality, unequal employment opportunities, etc., and involves the inequality between regions, between urban and rural areas, between men and women and so on. The Gini coefficient is an important indicator of income inequality. The international warning line of income inequality is Gini coefficient 0.4. In 2008, China's Gini coefficient reached 0.491, which was its highest level in history and far higher than the international warning line. Despite improvements after that, China's Gini coefficient was still up to 0.473 in 2013, which shows that income inequality in China is still very serious. The distribution of educational resources is very uneven between regions, between urban and rural areas and even between schools. The education quality gap shows that China still faces the arduous task of improving education resource inequality and balancing the development of compulsory education. Inequality of employment opportunities is particularly evident between urban and rural areas and between genders. In terms of gender inequality, women suffer discrimination in job market, their jobs tend to be low-skilled and secondary and their income level is usually much lower than men. In terms of urban and rural inequality, despite the fact that urbanization brings opportunities for rural population to enter cities, they are limited by registration system and cannot enjoy equal employment opportunities and welfare protection. Inequality easily leads to resentment of vulnerable groups and social unrest, which threatens the construction of a harmonious society and healthy economic development and is an inevitable challenge for China's future sustainable development.

(3) The Role of Non-governmental Sector has been Neglected

Undeniably, government is the leading force in guiding sustainable development. However, the strength of government is limited after all and it has its restrictions. Participation of private sector not only can make up for government's lack of funds, but also helps to monitor progress towards sustainable development. In particular, they tend to have more advanced experience and technology in terms of project cooperation and have the advantages of non-governmental status, which make them an indispensable strength in the sustainable development process. In recent decades, the number of China's civil society groups and the private sector actors increased gradually and they also gradually participated in national development planning. However, the role of civil society groups and the private sector is severely neglected. Compared with government, they receive many unequal treatments in the aspects of market entry and operation. And government's mechanism for regulating and supervising these non-government sectors is very scarce, which leads to their more limited participation in social development. This is very different from the importance attached to and vigorously support of non-governmental sectors in developed countries.

Public-private partnership (PPP) can make up for the deficiencies of government departments when carrying out development plans independently. Developed countries have accumulated some experience in the use of PPP (under what circumstances and in what kind of projects), while China is still in the exploration process. The ways of public-private partnerships relate to risk sharing and earnings distribution among parties. Currently, PPP is often used for long-term large-scale infrastructure projects, which is suitable for China's foreign assistance programs. However, PPP involves a large number of sectors and actors, with long cycle, slow earnings and big risk, whose mechanism of risk sharing and income distribution is not mature. The private sector may assume too much or too little responsibility and its benefits also face great uncertainty. It is still unknown how to find win-win public-private cooperation and make the best use of PPP.

In short, how to better guide and encourage the non-governmental sector to participate in the process of sustainable development and how to give full play to the advantages of public-private cooperation are the questions for Chinese government to consider carefully.

(4) Lack of Innovative Capacity

The quantitative indicators for measuring a country's level of technical innovation and capacity include number of patent applications, R & D investment, number of research personnel, and number of published scientific paper and so on. First, the number of patent applications. Over the past decade, the total number of patent applications in China increased rapidly, which was even more than the United States in 2012, ranking first in the world. However, the total number of patent applications does not mean that China's innovation capacity has surpassed the developed countries, because on the per capita level, China's number of patent applications is far behind developed countries. In 2012, number of patent applications per million population in China was 415.62, only about 10 percent of Japan’s and South Korea’s, 20% of Germany, less than 30% of the United States, which was also significantly lower than other major developed countries like Britain and France. The main way for enterprises, research institutions and individuals to apply for international patents is through the platform of Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) managed by World Intellectual Property Organization. In 2012, PCT international patent applications per million people in China was 13.79, while the number in main developed countries was 235.72 in South Korea, 341.19 in Japan, 233.13 in Germany, 165.19 in US, 118.76 in France and 77.30 in Britain, which showed the big gap between China and developed world.  Second, research expenditure. In 2011, China's research spending accounts for 1.84% of GDP, which was far below the major developed countries (South Korea 3.74%, Japan 3.26%, Germany 2.84%, United States 2.77%, and France 2.25%).  Third, R & D personnel. In 2011, the number of personnel engaged in research and development per million populations was 2,017 in China, while the number was 7,415 in South Korea, 6,832 in Japan, 6,933 in Germany and 6,328 in France. The number in China was less than 1/3 of that in the major developed countries.  The huge gap in research expenditures and R & D personnel once again shows that there is still a long way to go for China's innovation capacity to reach the level of developed countries.

2. International Development Cooperation

(1) Inadequate International Cooperation for Development

Although all the global development goals have highlighted the importance of international cooperation, the cooperation between China and other countries, between China and multilateral development organizations is not frequent and deep. In terms of international development assistance, the emerging donors including China and the traditional donors follow different principles and modalities of aid, which make them difficult to cooperate. Moreover, aid cooperation between China and other emerging countries are also few. In addition, the proportion of triangle cooperation in China's total aid volume is small. If the cooperation among the parties cannot be further deepened, the process of global sustainable development will slow down.

(2) "Common but Differentiated Responsibilities" Principle

In recent years, with the increasing international influence of China and other emerging economies, developed countries and even some developing countries have raised the issue of international responsibility of emerging economies, forcing them to assume more international responsibility. However, facing their own development dilemma, emerging economies insist on the "common but differentiated responsibilities" principle and emphasize that developed countries should bear the primary responsibility for global sustainable development. Contradictions between the two forces coupled with the inherent contradictions between North and South, the internal contradictions within the group of developed countries and the contradictions within the group of developing countries intertwine, making the implementation of the new global development agenda full of uncertainty. In particular, in terms of environment goals for sustainable development, developed countries may refuse to fulfill their international obligations. On the contrary, they may use environmental problems to limit the economic development in China and other emerging economies, which cause many concerns.

iii. How can China Achieve Sustainable Development Agenda?

China should first achieve domestic development through making and improving development strategies in line with its national conditions, maximizing the mobilization of domestic resources, and enhancing its capacity for development. Based on this, China should actively carry out international cooperation for development, working together with the international community to promote global sustainable development goals.

1. On Domestic Level

(1) Formulating Appropriate Sustainable Development Indicators as soon as possible

From 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development to the formulation and implementation of MDGs, China's development strategy and the global development agenda were highly consistent. Global development agenda have profound impacts on China's development philosophy and strategy. China's development strategies keep improving and become more and more scientific. The main content of the sustainable development agenda after 2015 is basically consistent with China's concept of scientific development, ecological civilization building, and the modernization of national governance system. Sustainable development is the only way for China to achieve the goal of building a moderately prosperous society. After 20 years of evolution, sustainable development strategy has become an important part of China's economic and social development plan and Chinese government has developed a number of quantitative indicators of environmental and ecological protection. This means that China already has some experience in the implementation of sustainable development and to a certain extent has the ability to make international commitments to sustainable development. For this reason, participation in the formulation and implementation of sustainable development agenda is in line with China's fundamental and long-term interests. The key point is that the implementation of the sustainable development agenda should not affect China's sustainable economic development, which should become the bottom line. Based on its own national conditions and combined with the basic spirit of post-2015 agenda, China needs to develop its own set of sustainable development goals and integrate them into the overall plan for national economic development. For such an emerging economy as China, new development goals must take account of the three pillars of economic development, social justice and environmental protection. Namely they are to eradicate poverty and hunger and promote economic growth; to comprehensively promote social progress and maintain fairness and justice; to strengthen ecological civilization construction and promote sustainable development. Among the three pillars, the importance of social development and environmental protection should be highlighted, but the specific implementation and commitment standards will require in-depth study. At the same time, private sector, social groups and research institutions should be involved in the study and implementation of sustainable development strategies. In this way, different voices can be heard and different forces can be mobilized to promote the sustainable development process.

(2) Paying Attention to the Role of Non-governmental Sector

Developed countries attach particular importance to the role of civil society groups, private sector and other non-governmental sectors in international development cooperation, work closely with them, and adopt a series of measures to promote their development. On the one hand, China can learn from the experience of developed countries in promoting the development of non-governmental sectors in China and even in partner countries. First, the important position and role of private sector and civil society groups should be confirmed legally, and relevant support policies (such as finance) should be introduced to facilitate their participation in international development cooperation. Second, more financial support should be given to private sector and civil society groups, in order to provide a solid material foundation for their international cooperation activities. Finally, efforts should be made to urge and help the capacity building of private sector and civil society organizations, and a unified management organization should be established to coordinate and manage their foreign assistance activities, avoiding the fragmentation and repeatability of international cooperation activities. On the other hand, China should actively explore the best way of public and private sector cooperation and make a good use of public-private partnerships. First, under the government-dominated financing, private sector should be absorbed into the projects through PPP. Second, government needs to provide a sound policy and legal protection, do a good job of planning and preparation, and ensure that the private sector can benefit from the project. The private sector should actively cooperate with government departments to finish its work with quality. In addition, the involvement of civil society groups and the private sector can increase the understanding and support of the public for a number of international development cooperation activities. Through them, the misunderstanding and criticism to China's foreign affairs may be eased, which is helpful to strengthen China's exchanges and cooperation with other countries and enhance China's influence in international development cooperation.

2. On International Level

China's Position Paper on the Post-2015 Development Agenda pointed out that a more equitable and balanced global partnership for development should be built. North-South cooperation should continue to serve as the main channel of development financing. Developed countries must honor their Official Development Assistance (ODA) commitments, and scale up their support for developing countries, especially African nations and least developed countries. South-South cooperation is a supplement to North-South cooperation, and the international community should encourage and support the efforts of developing countries to strengthen South-South cooperation on the basis of mutual respect, equality and mutual benefit, expand the areas of cooperation, improve the quality of cooperation, and seek strength through unity on the basis of mutually beneficial cooperation. The private sector, civil society organizations, philanthropic groups, and other stakeholders should be encouraged to play a bigger role in international development cooperation to increase the efficiency of development assistance.

(1) Trying best within Capabilities and fulfilling China's International Responsibility

Looking ahead, global sustainable development process and the resolving of related issues need China's active participation, and China's sustainable development also needs the support of the world. There is no doubt that with the rise and the growing international influence, China has become a key stakeholder in global sustainable development, so the voice of asking China to assume more international responsibility is also rising. China's commitments at the UN summit have shown that China is actively undertaking international "common responsibilities and obligations". It can be predicted that China will assume more and more important "common responsibilities and obligations" to make new contributions for a better future for all mankind. However, it is undeniable that China is still a developing country, and does not have the capacity to assume the same responsibilities and obligations with developed countries. Therefore, when assuming "common responsibilities and obligations", China should also stress the principle of differentiated responsibilities. China should continue to adhere to the fundamental position of developing countries, and assume responsibilities and obligations within its capabilities and in accordance with its development stage.

(2) Insisting on the Central Role of North-South Cooperation and Urging Developed Countries to fulfill their International Commitments as soon as possible

As the main promoters and beneficiaries of economic globalization, developed countries have unshirkable responsibilities for the environment, climate and poverty issues. In order to ensure adequate resources for development and promote the realization of the sustainable development agenda, North-South cooperation must continue to play the major role. Therefore, China should work together with the international community to urge the developed countries to fulfill corresponding international commitments as soon as possible. In terms of official development assistance, China should urge developed countries promptly and fully provide 0.7% of their GNI for international development assistance. Developed countries should increase their development assistance, especially in Africa and the LDCs. In terms of market access for developing countries, developed countries should abandon the principles and practices of various forms of protectionism eliminate all barriers to trade and investment as soon as possible, increase market opening for developing countries, and promote the global trade liberalization. In terms of debt sustainability, developed countries should effectively promote the process of debt relief for developing countries, in particular to avoid additional debt relief conditions. In terms of promoting capacity building in developing countries, developed countries should establish a sound mechanism for the transfer of technology, support the research, spread, and transfer of technology, strengthen human resources development and institutional capacity building, and strengthen development capacity building in developing countries through training, exchange of experiences, knowledge transfer, technical assistance and other forms. In terms of global governance, international community should deepen the reform of international governance system, promote the implementation of the agreed initiatives, and increase the representation and voice of developing countries.

(3) Strengthening "South-South Cooperation" as a useful Complement to North-South Cooperation

As a developing country, China's economic foundation is not yet solid. With the expansion of the scale of international cooperation for development, China's financial burden will inevitably increase. Thus, traditional model of donor-recipient mode is not suitable for China. China must combine foreign assistance and self-development, and adopt the win-win approach of South-South cooperation. In order to support developing countries to implement post-2015 agenda, China made the commitments of providing funds, development knowledge and so on. These commitments have shown that in South-South cooperation, China has taken a substantial step. The next step will be the efficient and effective implementation of these commitments. Specifically, the emerging economies need to strengthen cooperation, solidarity and mutual help in seeking common development. On behalf of developing countries, China should strengthen the negotiation with developed countries, promote the favorable international environment and mechanism for developing countries, and prevent the developed countries from interfering the domestic affairs of other countries by using peace and security, democracy, human rights and other sensitive issues. Using the existing "South-South cooperation" platform, China should pursue the establishment of formal and standardized mechanism, such as specialized seminars or high-level forums. Within its capacity, China should provide financial and technical assistance to other developing countries, and help them to improve capacity building. It is a good way to combine aid with trade and investment, which can promote exports and FDI in other developing countries and ultimately drive their economic growth. China should increase the exchange and sharing of experiences with these countries, learn from each other, and achieve common development. China should strengthen cooperation with the United Nations and other international organizations, and use the form of triangle cooperation to enhance cooperation with other developing countries.

(4) Promoting the Construction of a New Global Partnership for Development

Developed countries have adequate funding and have accumulated a wealth of experience; emerging economies have a better understanding of the development needs of developing countries; multilateral development institutions are good at knowledge and practice. Therefore, having South-South cooperation as the basis, China can use G20, World Bank and other development cooperation platforms to further establish and strengthen trilateral cooperation with international organizations and developed countries, to gradually promote the international status of South-South cooperation. At the same time, with the participation of private sector, social groups and other non-governmental sector, a new global partnership for development including developed countries, developing countries, multilateral development organizations, private sector, social groups and other relevant actors, can be finally built to jointly promote the post-2015 development agenda. Participation of multiple actors can not only expand funding sources and have complementary advantages, but also ensure the transparency and effectiveness and reduce the coordination costs of development cooperation.

In addition, China should vigorously support the coordination role the UN in international affairs and promote the establishment of an effective global development policy coordination mechanism, to incorporate more effectively development into the global macroeconomic policy coordination. At the same time, China can promote the establishment of oversight mechanisms on the international, regional and national level, to examine the implementation of official development assistance, technology transfer, capacity-building and other commitments. To ensure the monitoring and evaluation of the sustainable development process, China should also help developing countries strengthen statistical capacity building, improve the quality and timeliness of data, and so on.

As the largest developing country, China will continue to adhere to peaceful development and win-win cooperation, unswervingly follow the road of peaceful development, unswervingly pursue a win-win strategy of opening up, and promote the establishment of new international relations having win-win cooperation as the core. China's development not only benefits the Chinese people, but also benefits the peoples of the world. Based on national conditions and facing the future, the Chinese government seeks to combine the implementation of post-2015 agenda with its national development strategies, working together with other countries to make a better human future.