Research on Targeted Poverty Reduction in China
Poverty alleviation and development in China has entered into a crucial stage, more like a tough nut to crack. Poverty alleviation is the key to build a comprehensive well-off society, and targeted poverty alleviation strategy is the key to ensure all the poor population out of poverty by the end of 2020. On January 25, 2014, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council issued Opinions on innovate mechanism to promote poverty alleviation and development in rural China, which promotes a strategic and innovative plan for poverty alleviation. It also defines the mechanism of targeted poverty alleviation: the national government will work out a unified measure to identify the object of poverty alleviation. On the basis of current accomplishment, each province, autonomous region, and municipality ) should take both poverty alleviation and rural minimum living security system into consideration. According to the principle of county as a unit, control the scale, level-to-level responsibility, targeted identification and dynamic management, the local government should set up files for every poor village and poor household, and construct a nationwide information network system for poverty alleviation. Every poverty alleviation measure should be connected with poverty identification. Causes for poverty should be analyzed deeply. Poverty alleviation measures should be worked out village by village, household by household. Resources should be concentrated to guarantee the effects and outcome of poverty alleviation within the required time. In June 2015, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, being targeted is the key to successful poverty alleviation. Being targeted means, the object, project arrangement, and funds utilization should be targeted. Besides, poverty alleviation measures should be applied to the poor households, who should be selected to be in charge of the poor village (the first secretary), and the effects of poverty alleviation should all be targeted. This theory forms the foundation for the targeted poverty alleviation in China.
Ⅰ.Theoretical foundation and importance for China to take Targeted Poverty Reduction
The Party Central Committee and the State Council attach great importance to poverty alleviation and development. General Secretary Xi Jinping attaches great importance to poverty alleviation and development work and went to the poor areas for field-trip and investigation several times. He points out: “to build a comprehensive well-off society, we are facing the heaviest task in the poor regions. The whole society should continue to work as one powerful team for poverty alleviation and development ", "Party committee, local government and leader at all level should pay special attention to the poor areas and the poor population. They should fully perform their duties, innovate thoughts and working methods, enhance supporting measures to poor regions and working out targeted measures and policies." Local leaders at all levels must go to the countryside, go to poor areas, which can help them to see a real picture and determine to help the poor. They should carry out poverty alleviation with full willingness and work down-to-earth, bringing true benefits to the poor people. If we realize the first one hundred goal and build a comprehensive well-off society without the old areas, especially without the poor population in the old areas, then this is not a real well-off society. That is why I often say, people in the old areas can show a real well-off society. Poverty alleviation and development in China has entered into a crucial stage, more like a tough nut to crack. We are now facing serious challenges. Party committee and local government at all levels should move forward more actively, taking effective and strong measures to reduce poverty. In 2015, General Secretary Xi Jinping further promotes that "' thirteenth five-year plan is the crucial time for us to we build a comprehensive well-off society. To realize this goal, one important but also the most difficult task lies in the rural areas, especially in those poor areas. Party committee and government at all levels should make timely schedule, take balanced measures, make scientific poverty alleviation plans in “13th five-year plan” period, ensuring that the poor population will be out of poverty by the end of 2020 ", Leaders should bear their responsibility in mind, adhere to the party's leadership, which shows that the socialist system is a strong guarantee to success. The leadership responsibility system should be applied in poverty alleviation and development. The central government should make general decision and the provincial governments should carry out all the detailed works., In this process, poor region should be the focus, detailed works should be completed in poor villages, and poverty alleviation should be targeted to the poor household. Leaders in the party committee and local government should take full responsibility. Premier Li Keqiang visited poor areas several times. He also stressed that "the current poverty alleviation has entered into a new critical period, based on what we have achieved, we should sum up experience, adjust strategies, and take more scientific and effective measures to reduce poverty", "poverty alleviation is a thermometer to measure social justice and social welfare, "," Natural environment and living conditions in poor areas are very harsh, as a result, tasks for reducing poverty are very heavy. We should continue to combat with poverty with greater determination and prevent poverty from generation to generation ".
The Party Central Committee and the State Council attach great importance to targeted poverty alleviation. On November 3rd 2013, when visiting in Tujia-Miao Minority Autonomous Prefecture of Xiangxi, Hunan province, General Secretary Xi Jinping promoted the idea of targeted measures for poverty alleviation., He stressed that poverty alleviation should be implemented in a down-to-earth way and adjusted to local conditions. Besides all measures should be classified and targeted. He also pointed out, “Poverty alleviation and development is an overall project which need general scales and measures. It is also a targeted program and the extremely poor village and household needs to be supported. In 2015 Xi Jinpin pointed out that “Poverty alleviation should be targeted and implemented in a tight schedule and covers the entire minority and all the poor regions. “To take extraordinary measures, take effective measures, required by targeted poverty alleviation and development goal, we should take combined measures to ensure the success in time during the “13th five-year plan”. Poverty alleviation should be targeted, which is the key to success. Being targeted means, who should be supported, what kind of projects should be arranged, how funds should be used, how the measures can be implemented, who should be selected to be in charge of the poor village, and the effects of poverty alleviation can be targeted. Local government should take all these facts into consideration. Local government should adjust policies and measures to local conditions, such as the causes of poverty and different types of poverty. Only in this way, poverty could be alleviated effectively. Four batches plan should be carried out according to local conditions. The four plans refer to, improving the conditions of the poor by supporting production and employment, by migration and relocation, by making the minimum living standard policy, and by medicare policy. In this process, challenges and difficulties will be severe. Party Committee and local government at all levels should take more effective measures and be more initiative, especially taking targeted measures. Premier Li Keqiang pointed out in the 2015 Government Work Report, China will take more in-depth and concentrated measures to alleviate poverty in the extremely poor regions. Meanwhile, policies should be targeted. Even facing more difficulty, the poor population in the countryside should be reduced by one thousand by the end of 2015. Targeted measures for poverty alleviation should be taken. Poverty reduction and development should be combined. Alleviation to the whole poor region and alleviation to the poor household should be combined. Premier Li also stressed, by taking regional development policy, poverty alleviation should be focused on creating blood, bringing more fair develop opportunities to the poor, and promoting the alleviation more targeted, more effective and more sustainable. Meanwhile, local government should take the concentrated poor regions as the main focus. Alleviation to the whole poor region and alleviation to the poor household should be combined. Development should be combined with ecological protection. Struggle by the poor should be together with outside support. Only with all these facts, we could win the war of poverty alleviation. Vice Premier Wang Yang visits and investigates the poor villages several times and makes an overall scheme for taking targeted strategy of poverty alleviation. He promotes, poverty alleviation policies should be in-depth and targeted. Local government should keep reforming and innovating, propelling the local poor to be more engaged and encouraged. Poverty alleviation has entered into a key stage, which is why we should focus more on taking targeted measures and policies. Local government should fully know the situation in the poor regions, as well as the reasons of poverty, the intensity of poverty, and difficulties of poverty reduction, in order to make the alleviation objects more targeted. Policies should be adjusted according to different natural environment and resources, different poverty types and different market conditions. Local government should apply scientific ideas and dynamic measures, making poverty alleviation more targeted. Policies should be more targeted according to different villages and households, so as to optimize resources of poverty alleviation. The performance of the poor counties should be evaluated by the outcome of poverty alleviation. The exit mechanism of poverty should be improved and the management for poverty alleviation objects should be dynamic. Poverty alleviation should be more targeted.
Significance for taking targeted strategy of poverty alleviation. Targeted poverty alleviation mechanism is the core of the six poverty alleviation mechanisms. Led by the general guidance of poverty alleviation policies, targeted poverty alleviation mechanism emphasis to set up files for the poor and form a long-term poverty alleviation mechanism. Poverty alleviation policies for the poor areas and poor household should be both overall and targeted, which could be more effective., Meanwhile, on the foundation of policies being targeted to the village and the household, policies to the whole poor areas should be combined with policies to the poor household, which can improve the development conditions and environment through regional development. Therefore, targeted poverty alleviation is the fundamental requirement, which can ensure the poverty alleviation goals and tasks realized by the end of 2020. It is also the strictest scale, as it affects the real outcome of poverty alleviation. The real outcome of poverty alleviation is not only a test of poverty alleviation, but also a test for the Party Committee and government at all levels. Firstly, taking targeted poverty alleviation measures is a must for realizing the idea, strategy, and thought of the new central government. It provides an important foundation for scientific poverty alleviation, which is an effective way to achieve true outcome of poverty alleviation. Secondly, taking targeted poverty alleviation measures is a necessary aspect to improve the management system of poverty alleviation and development. It is also a requirement to strengthen capacity building for poverty alleviation and development. Eliminating poverty is the prerequisite to realize "a comprehensive well-off society", and realizing common prosperity is the essential requirement of the socialist system. The targeted poverty alleviation and development should promote the social justice, improve the well-being of poor people, and create a fair society, to ensure more participation of the poor and provide them more fair opportunities. Third, taking targeted poverty alleviation measures is the need for the transformation of poverty alleviation and development in the current stage. The New Normal in 2013 has brought significant changes to the social economic situation and also imposed new challenges on poverty alleviation. Slower economic growth rate will reduce the poverty reduction effect correspondingly, and bring new difficulties and pressures to the goal, which is, reducing one thousand million poor populations each year. Due to the New Normal trend, the dynamic mechanism of poverty alleviation and development should be adjusted. Meanwhile, the New Normal has also brought changes to the way of poverty alleviation. The income source of farmers and the employment mode in poor areas have changed. Besides, there might be a shortage of poverty alleviation funds as a result of the New Normal. Fourth, taking targeted poverty alleviation measures is also a way to adapt to the new changes of the poor population, which is an important part to innovate poverty alleviation and development mechanism. Rural urbanization, agricultural industrialization development, rural hollowing, and the aging issue all lead to more challenges to poverty alleviation. Only by taking targeted poverty alleviation measures can achieve real outcome.
Ⅱ.the emergence and formation of targeted poverty alleviation measures in China.
Within thirty years of reform and opening up, China has made great achievement on poverty alleviation and development. One of the fundamental experiences is to make and adjust poverty targeting policies according to overall poverty, regional poverty, and the basic solution of poverty. In this process, goals of poverty alleviation have been achieved step by step.
(Ⅰ) Four stages of poverty alleviation classified by the changes of poverty targeting strategy.
The first stage is from1978 to 1984, poverty targeting and alleviating under the reform of rural economic system. From 1949 to 1978, within the foundation of new China, the fundamental poverty has been eliminated. However, the dual social and economic system between urban and rural areas led to 40%-50% population under poverty. Since 1978, the reform of land system in rural China has empowered poor farmers. The reform was focused on poverty reduction and supplemented by poverty relief. This kind of poverty governance system is one of the important reasons why poverty could be reduced at a large scale. The household contract management system has replaced the collective management system of people's commune, which endows more production autonomy to farmers. Meanwhile, prices of agricultural products have been more flexible and rural enterprises have developed gradually. From 1978 to 1985, the poor population has reduced from 250 million to 125 million.
The second stage is from 1985 to 2000, poverty alleviation through development, by targeting poor counties. The main task has transformed from overall poverty alleviation to regional poverty alleviation. Setting up specialized agencies for poverty alleviation, a locating special funds and specialized concessional policies, establishing targeted mechanism for poor counties, (370 national level poor counties in 1988. The number has increased to 592 in 1994 when the Seven-Year Priority Poverty Alleviation Program was issued.70% of the poverty alleviation funds have been invested in poor counties. The poverty alleviation policies have been more targeted. By the end of 2000, goals set in the Seven-Year Priority Poverty Alleviation Program has been realized basically. The poor population has reduced from 125 million in 1985 to 30 million in 2000, and the incidence of rural poverty fell from 14.8% to 3%.
The third stage is from 2000 to 2010, poverty alleviation through development, by targeting poor villages. By then, the poor population was scattered to a large area but concentrated only in small areas, which is the reason why the government started the village level targeting mechanism since 2001and identified 148,100 poor villages as the main objects for poverty alleviation. Poverty alleviation policy is to promote the poor village as a whole, which is companied by industrialization and labor transferring. If we take RMB 1,274 as the poverty alleviation standard, which was set in 2010, the rural poor population has reduced from 94.22 million in 2000 to 26.88 in 2010, and the proportion of poor people in rural areas has decreased from 10.2% in 2000 to 2.8% in 2010.
The fourth phase is the targeted poverty alleviation, by targeting both the whole region and the poor village, as well as the households since 2011. So far, the poverty alleviation standard has been raised to RMB2,300 since 2011, and the poverty population is 122 million. by the new standard. At the same time, affected by the world financial crisis, re-poverty happens from time to time, which decreases the stability of poverty reduction and increases the vulnerability in poor areas. Besides, the hollowing phenomenon is a serious problem in rural villages, which enhances rural poverty. As a result, rural poverty refers to both concentrated, special poverty and individual poverty. At this time, Chinese government works out "Outline of poverty alleviation and development program in rural China(2011-2020)", which takes the concentrated, special poor regions as the main battlefield of poverty alleviation. After that, Chinese government has worked out Poverty alleviation and development plans for the concentrated, special poor regions. By the end of 2013, Chinese President Xi Jinping made requirements for targeted poverty alleviation. In early 2014, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council issued Opinions on innovate mechanism to promote poverty alleviation and development in rural China, which promotes the mechanism of targeted poverty alleviation in poor villages. Since then, China's poverty alleviation and development has entered into a new phase, which is, targeted strategy of poverty alleviation.
(Ⅱ) China has experienced two periods since the promotion of targeted poverty alleviation.
1. The exploration period of targeted poverty alleviation ---- "four targets" (2013.11 ---2015.05)
According to Opinions on innovate mechanism to promote poverty alleviation and development in rural China targeted poverty alleviation means four targets: targeted identification, targeted alleviation, targeted management and targeted assessment.
Targeted identification is the foundation of targeted poverty alleviation, which refers to identify households and population under the the poverty line in a certain way, and also detect key factors leading to poverty. Setting up files in poor regions has become a important job in the national poverty alleviation system. So far, this work has been completed basically., Filing for the poor population can be helpful to understand the poverty situation, analyze the causes of poverty more accurately, and clarify the demands when making policies. It also can make the responsibility and supporting policies more clear and lay a foundation for poverty monitoring and poverty alleviation assessment. Targeted identification emphasizes to take democratic, scientific and transparent procedures to identify the poor group. In this process, the key is to identify the poorest and most needy people in a limited scale.
Targeted support, is the core of targeted poverty alleviation. It aims at the causes led to poverty in the poor households and makes targeted policies to different regions and households in order to eliminate poverty. Those who are experienced on poverty alleviation should be allocated to work in the poor village. Besides, policies like twinning with poor households, and support industrialization, infrastructure, education, party building, and employment should be made. All the alleviation policies should be targeted.
Targeted management, is the key to targeted poverty alleviation. The first step is to set up files for all identified poor households, forming a nationwide poverty reduction information network system, which provides basic information for targeted poverty alleviation, then according to the actual changes of poverty condition, taking out the households and population which have been out of poverty. This dynamic adjustment can guarantee the effectiveness of targeted poverty alleviation. Targeted management includes the management of targeted identification, poverty alleviation funds, poor households, poor villages and poor counties, covering the entire process of poverty alleviation. It also includes the management of supporting measures in poor villages.
Targeted assessment, is the guarantee of targeted poverty alleviation. It refers to a comprehensive assessment to the objects, procedure, and outcome of poverty alleviation. By setting up the evaluation system and mechanism for poverty alleviation, it assesses and evaluates the procedure, development, and effect of targeted poverty alleviation. By taking this assessment, the outcome of poverty alleviation in poor counties, in different levels of industry departments, and in local government could be assessed. Meanwhile, by combining the works by work teams in poor villages, this assessment measure also takes the incentive mechanism into consideration, in order to fully encourage village cadres to work.
2. The propelling period for targeted poverty alleviation: "Six targets" (since June, 2015 )
The theory of Six Targetsis promoted by Chinese President Xi Jinping June 18, 2015, when he presides the conference with leaders from several provincial Party Committee. The six targets refer to：the object, project arrangements, funds utilization, policies, human resources in poor villages, and outcome should all be targeted. This theory shows a new direction for the poverty alleviation in China. "Six Targets theory” is based on the Four Targets theory, but more comprehensive. The object of poverty alleviation should be more targeted, poverty alleviation measures should be more definite, fund management and utilization should be more efficient and accurate, poverty alleviation measures and projects should be more differentiated and personalized, poverty alleviation twinning is more appropriate. All these enrich the meaning of targeted poverty alleviation.
Targeted objects. This is the foundation and premise of "Six Targets", which covers more than the Targeted identification under the Four Targets Theory. Targeted object means the identification, supporting measures, and dynamic management of poverty alleviation should all be targeted. In this process, the basic statistics, tasks, and responsibility should all be clarified. On one hand, the targeted identification measure should be democratic, scientific and transparent. On the other hand, poverty alleviation based on the files should be dynamic. Households which have been out of poverty should be moved out of the file when the monitoring information system detects out. Then the new one in poverty can enter into the file.
Targeted project arrangement. Projects should be allocated to poorest villages and the most difficult households. Project plans should be based on different causes of poverty. Besides, projects should be adjusted to different villages, counties, and households. Project arrangements should be targeted to the project content, as well as the object, time, and scale. Therefore, both the “decision-making mechanism for poverty alleviation projects” and “project participation mechanism" should be set up.
Targeted utilization of funds. Poverty alleviation funds should be applied to poor villages and poor households in order to enhance the effectiveness. Poverty alleviation funds should be applied to the poor population and achieve real effects. Funds application should be monitored appropriately. The arrangement of poverty alleviation funds should be linked with the effect of poverty reduction. Funds should be allocated according to the outcome of poverty alleviation. Project database for poverty alleviation should be set up at the county level. Funds allocation should be accelerated and the procedure should be simplified. The publicity system for poverty alleviation should be improved and the public call of 12317 should play a more important role.
Measures targeted to poor households. According to the actual causes and degree of poverty in poor villages and households, different measures should be targeted. Measures should also be curtailed to the special situation and different demands. For example, "four batches" is a way to support production and employment for farmers who have the production capacity. Relocation policy should be taken in mountainous areas with bad natural conditions unsuitable for human beings. The minimal social security policy should be taken for poor households who lost labor capacity or could not be supported through industry and employment support. Implementing Medicare assistance should be taken for the poverty or re-poverty who are stricken by illness.
Targeted alleviation in poor villages. On the one hand, supporting measures by the working group in poor villages should be targeted. On the other hand, the select of the first Secretary for the working group should also be targeted. The Organization Department of the CPC Central Committee, the central rural work leading group office and the State Council Leading Group for poverty alleviation and Development Office issued "Notice of selecting outstanding personnel served as the first Secretary in poor villages" (hereinafter referred as the "notice"), ruling that personnel should be selected from outstanding young cadres in government offices, and state-owned enterprises. The selection should be coincident with actual needs of poor villages.
Outcome of poverty alleviation should be targeted. This is the stay point and also the purpose of the "six targets". On one hand, dynamic management system should be set up by establishing the exit mechanism for poor households and poor counties and villages, ensuring that only poor households can be alleviated. On the other hand the work effect of different levels of poverty alleviation departments should be assessed by quantitative measures. The outcome of poverty alleviation should ensure that the poor population out of poverty for real.
Ⅲ. Progress and effect evaluation of targeted strategy of poverty alleviation.
Targeted poverty alleviation is still under progress and the effect can not be fully released, but so far, there are at least several effect as follows:
(Ⅰ) Several mechanisms of targeted poverty alleviation has been established, the system of targeted poverty alleviation has been initially formed.
Since the issue of " Opinions on innovate mechanism to promote poverty alleviation and development in rural China ",government at the provinces and autonomous regions have worked out a series of supporting policies, which lays a good foundation for setting up the mechanism of targeted poverty alleviation.
(Ⅱ) The implementation of targeted poverty alleviation has been promoted smoothly, the work of targeted identification has been completed, and the object of poverty reduction is more targeted.
Since the filing system was set up in 2014, all the poor villages and households in poor counties (including the provincial-level ones) and poor regions have been targeted. According to statistics, poverty files for 128,000 poor villages, 30 million poor households and 90 million poor population have been set up. After the double check and adjustment in 2015, the comprehensive information system for poor households, poor villages and towns has also been established. As a result, the object of poverty reduction can be more targeted, which lays a solid foundation for the comprehensive and effective implementation of targeted poverty alleviation and funds utilization. It also provides a good statistical foundation for the establishment of big database in poor area.
(Ⅲ) Working teams for poverty alleviation in poor villages have been set up, the first Secretary of the teams have also been in place, which lay a foundation for establishing a strong and powerful governance structure of poverty alleviation.
At present, more than 40 million cadres have almost been in position in 128,000 poor villages. the selection of first Secretary to the poor villages is also being accelerated., On average, there are 3-5 cadres in every village and each poor household has one corresponding cadre, which forms the new rural governance system, which is, the combination of poor village committee (the village Party branch and village committees), the poverty alleviation team member, the village cadres, first secretary It is a new model of poverty alleviation governance structure. In this way, each poor household has their own partner, and the production, life and industry development can be guided and supported.
(Ⅳ) promoting the formation of the pattern of "overall poverty reduction" in the whole society.
At present, national ministries, provincial and municipal authorities and institutions, national and state-owned enterprises, county-subordinated authorities, towns, and villages all participate actively in poverty alleviation of poor villages. Besides, social entities, enterprises also are actively involved. No matter led by the areas or by the counterparts, poverty alleviation has joined the government, society, and the market altogether, as a common responsibility, which provide a powerful motivation for the realization of poverty alleviation task by 2020 as scheduled. By setting up working groups in poor villages is helpful for forming the partnership of poverty alleviation. In this way, government staffs at all levels can be linked with poor families directly and closely, which can motivate the whole society to participate in poverty alleviation. At the same time, an overall pattern of poverty alleviation can be formed through the social participation, which can aggregate more strength to participate in poverty alleviation and development.
(Ⅴ) The effects of targeted funds utilization and targeted project implementation are more obvious.
As the objects of poverty alleviation become more targeted, the funds utilization and project implementation also become more targeted. Funds and projects for poverty alleviation have all been applied to the poor households and poor villages. Industrial projects, poverty alleviation funds and projects under social security, health care, water conservancy, electricity and other infrastructure projects are all applied to poor villages and poor households, which promote the efficiency of poverty alleviation. At the same time, targeted funds utilization and projects implementation can be reflected by different measures taken according to different situation of poor villages and households. The causes led to poverty, such as cost on illness and education, are usually different, which lead to diverse demands from the poor population. Therefore, projects and funds allocation should be targeted, which can push the reform of funds management under poverty alleviation. It also can strengthen the role of financial support in poverty alleviation.
(Ⅵ) Innovation of targeted poverty alleviation
Guided by the targeted strategy of poverty alleviation, provinces、cities、counties and villages have all taken active actions. Based on their own conditions and advantages, they have innovated and explored various modes for targeted poverty alleviation, such as “double targets” in Guangdong: plans should be targeted on households and responsibility should be targeted on individuals” Besides, there are three-five targets in Shaanxi, “Classification of targeted poverty alleviation in Jiangsu. In 2015,there is new modes such as “four views” in Guizhou, which make it easier and practical to identify the objects of poverty alleviation. In Guizhou, there are ten industries and the “two line in one” approach. In Gansu, there are "six targets", "1+17" mode, and 91712 index for poor counties, villages, households being out of poverty. All these new models、initiatives and new measures have greatly elevated the level of targeted poverty alleviation, which is worthy of being refined and applied widely.
(Ⅶ) The governance capacity of poverty alleviation has been promoted
According to surveys in Guizhou, Shaanxi, Guangxi, Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Yunnan, and Hubei it shows that targeted poverty alleviation greatly promotes the governance capacity and management level of poverty alleviation. In poor villages of these provinces, household income has increased by 28%, the share of industry and business income in the whole income structure has nearly increased by10%, the capability of making a living and risk management has been promoted greatly. On average, the time for being out of poverty has been 1.8 years advanced. Meanwhile, the capacity of poverty alleviation has been greatly improved by enhancing the assessment of targeted poverty alleviation and corresponding outcomes.
(Ⅷ) The sense of responsibility has been enhanced and the mass-cadre relationship become closer.
Targeted poverty alleviation defines specific goals and key tasks, and makes it clear that the realization of these tasks should be traced to the cadres in poverty alleviation working group of poor villages. Targeted poverty alleviation has taken several measures to support poor households, by employment training, promoting the development of local industry, to enhance their capacity of being out of poverty and accelerate the efficiency and speed of poverty alleviation. Meanwhile, the relationship between the county government and poor households become more close and the conflict between the cadres and the masses has decreased, realizing a new type of cadre-mass relationship.
Ⅳ. Problem and challenges of targeted poverty alleviation in China
China has made initial achievement by taking targeted strategies in poverty alleviation, which accelerates the process of poverty alleviation and forms a new system of poverty reduction and alleviation. However, there are several new problems and challenges:
(Ⅰ) Difference and unbalance of regional development
At present, files for poor population have almost been set up nationwide. Some provinces have re-check and adjust the statistics. As a result, the objects of poverty alleviation can be more targeted. Meanwhile, working groups have been set up in 128, 000 poor villages and the first secretary have all been selected. Because of the difference among provinces, counties, and villages, the effects and progress of taking targeted measures for poverty alleviation are also different. This difference is also obvious between highly-focused and generally-focused counties, villages, and households, as well as between the demonstration projects and non-demonstration projects.
(Ⅱ) Vulnerability and external factors have a greater impact on the stability and sustainability of the poverty alleviation
Targeted poverty alleviation has elevated the capability and effects for poverty alleviation, however, vulnerability on Economic development, as well as on natural and social aspects have also increased, leading to the re-poverty in poor population. Main causes include, unexpected natural disasters or diseases traffic accidents and social turbulence Besides, poverty because of educational cost and cost on marriage also has negative impacts on the effectiveness and level of poverty alleviation.
(Ⅲ) The standard of poverty alleviation is still low and the index of poverty alleviation is too simplified
So far, the current standard for poverty population is RMB 2,300, which is obvious too low compared with the increase of both consuming demands and price in rural areas. Moreover, the index of poverty alleviation is too simplified. Although it takes the measure like the four-dimension by Weining in some poor regions of China, as well as the 191712 multidimensional poverty assessment in Gansu province, it is still too simplified when measuring the poor population only by per capital income. Compared with the basic demands to daily life and to public service, this scale is not enough to measure the actual demands in poor villages. Therefore, it is very urgent and necessary to set up a new system to measure poverty and carrying out the multidimensional index.
(Ⅳ) The function of poverty alleviation system should be determined under new situation
On one hand, the division of responsibilities between current work groups, first secretary, cadres in poor villages and the original work group is a key issue for poverty alleviation. So far, there have been problems such as the overlap of job responsibility, job vacancy caused by the lack of clear job responsibility. On the other hand, after the formation of the new poverty alleviation and overall poverty reduction system, the overall management for funds integration, funds utilization and out-of-poverty management by enterprises and social entities have become more and more important.
(Ⅴ) Concerns for a sustainable targeted poverty alleviation in the long-term
Targeted poverty alleviation is very popular as the positive effects. However, there are still two concerns. One is the current poverty standard is too low, when poor households are out of poverty, there is still possibility of re-poverty. Another is whether the poverty alleviation policy and system can be sustainable.
(Ⅵ) The progress of targeted poverty alleviation needs more scientific arrangement.
As scheduled, the goal of overall poverty reduction should be realized by the end of 2020, which depends on the realization of poverty reduction in each province, especially for those with more poor villages. Therefore, goals of poverty alleviation should be made in each province, county, town, and village. So far, realization of these goals has all been ahead of schedule. According to the plans of several provinces, the first step of poverty reduction will be completed by the end of 2017, leading to a heavy task in the year of 2015 and 2016. This should be analyzed carefully.
(Ⅵ) How to integrate regional development planning and targeted poverty alleviation.
Regional planning is one of the important measures of poverty alleviation and development in China. It shows by the practice in recent three years, regional planning has played a crucial role by motivating the participation of national government ministries. General Secretary Xijinping stressed, the responsibility of leaders in poverty alleviation should be defined clearly. Guided by the central government, provinces, cities and counties should all be motivated. Poor regions are the focus and alleviation should be carried out in both poor villages and poor households. Therefore, regional development planning should be integrated with targeted poverty alleviation.
(Ⅷ)How to combine targeted poverty alleviation with other mechanisms.
Under targeted poverty alleviation, six targets should be coordinated. Besides, it also should be connected with the assessment of poor counties, poverty alleviation with the overall society, poverty alleviation by financial measures, by special funds and funds management.
Ⅵ. Policies and practice of different sectors under targeted poverty alleviation
Without the support from central government and relevant ministries, the overall pattern of poverty alleviation could not be formed. Here are several policies and measures by different ministries.
(Ⅰ)Poverty alleviation by education
The Ministry of education, the national development and Reform Commission, Ministry of finance, human resources and social security ministry and the State Council Poverty Alleviation Office jointly issued the "notice about the special admissions program targeted poor areas (Teaching (2012) 2)" (hereinafter referred to as the "special plan"). Since 2012, total enrollment towards poor regions has been enlarged. National colleges can admit more students from poor regions, especially from concentrated poverty-stricken regions. According to this plan, these students should return to their hometown after graduation and make contribution to poverty alleviation in these poor regions. According to this plan, during the “twelfth five year” plan, 10,000 admission quota per year can be arranged. Besides, to those who return to the poor regions can get tuition aid and education loan from the government. The Ministry of education issued "Notice to increase admission quota in poor regions in 2013 (Teaching (2013) 5)" in 2013. The enrollment in this year can be increased to 32,100, covering 832 counties, increased from 680 poor counties in concentrated poor regions. The enrollment rate in poor areas has been raised significantly. Since 2012, the Ministry of education and other ministries have issued a series of documents, such as, Rules for improving nutrition level of students in rural regions, Opinions for improving basic teaching conditions in poor regions, and Notice on providing living subsidiary for countryside teachers. These policies provide multi-dimensional supports to student nutrition meal, teaching conditions, teachers living allowance and other aspects, which provides guarantee for the poverty alleviation in education.
(Ⅱ)Poverty alleviation by transport
The Ministry of transport attaches great importance to support poverty alleviation, it issued "traffic construction plans in concentrated poverty alleviation regions in 2012“. The outline covers 11 concentrated poverty-stricken areas such as Liupan Mountain area and promotes an overall goal for both "Twelfth Five Year" plan and by the end of 2020. According to the outline, the construction of asphalt (cement) road would be a key task. Local government will increase the investment and make more supporting policies to promote the level of road maintenance and management in poor regions.
(Ⅲ)Poverty alleviation by land and resources policies
Ministry of land and resources has attached great importance to poverty alleviation and take supportive measures on plans, policies, projects, and funds to promote economic and social development in poor regions. These policies and measures include: unconventional policies to support poverty-stricken areas and the old revolutionary regions, targeted investigations of poverty alleviation; poverty alleviation in Wumeng Mountainous area, pilot projects of poverty alleviation by land and resources supports. These policies, programs, and funds provide supports in these areas. The Ministry of land and resources issued Opinions on poverty alleviation in centralized poverty-stricken areas in 2012(land and resources (2012) No. 122) (hereinafter referred to as the" opinions ", by making land policies to support geological survey and mineral resources development.
(Ⅳ)Poverty alleviation by Health care policies
Ministry of health and Family Planning Commission attaches great importance to poverty alleviation. Ministry of health and National Development and Reform Commission issued a work guidance for poverty alleviation by health care policy during 12th five-year plan, Work plans for promoting health care and birth control in rural regions, Work plans for improving nutrition level of children in poor regions, Plans for screening illness of new-born children in poor regions, etc. Under this policy, Liupan mountainous region and other 14 concentrated poverty-stricken areas have become the main battlefield of poverty alleviation. To improve the ability and level of county-level hospitals, the main task is how to consolidate and improve the new rural cooperative medical system, strengthen the construction of infrastructure, medical and health institutions, promote the gradual equalization of basic public health services steadily, consolidate and improve the national essential drug system, promote the reform of public hospitals in the county comprehensively, strengthen capability building, and support the Chinese medicine (National Medical) development, take effective measures to gradually solve the poverty caused by illness, and re-poverty.
(Ⅴ) Poverty alleviation by Ministry of water resources
Water conservancy departments have been attached importance to the implementation of targeted poverty alleviation. They accelerates the improvement of water conservancy project and tries to solve bottleneck problems of water resources in poor areas, which provides a solid support for building a moderately prosperous society. The Ministry of water conservancy issued "Poverty alleviation plans by supporting construction of water resources nationwide and Guidance for further strengthening by supporting construction of water resources in 2012 and 2013, which covers 680 poor counties in14 centralized poverty-stricken regions, 40 especially poor regions, and 152 poor villages. Construction projects of water resource have been determined and managed on a 3-year basis according to the actual situation and the requirement of poverty alleviation. The Ministry of water resources is also in charge of the alleviation task towards 13 national-level poverty-stricken counties, ranking top two in 310 central government entities which have participated in poverty alleviation. Water conservancy department will continue the task of poverty alleviation, which has been taken into the 13th five-year plan, to ensure that water conservancy policies to Poverty Alleviation can be beneficial to poor village and households.
(Ⅵ) Poverty alleviation by fiscal and financial policies
Ministry of finance, people's Bank of China and another 3 ministries released " guidance to support microfinance for poverty alleviation" in 2014, to support industries with local advantages towards poor households and increase revenue. In 2014, RMB 43.3 billion yuan in the state revenue was poverty alleviation funds and RMB 42.4 billion yuan was allocated to poverty alleviation in provinces, counties and villages. increased by10% than the last year. In 2015, according to the outline of China rural poverty alleviation and development program (2011-2020), budget for local poverty alleviation is RMB46.09 billion yuan, increased by 8% than last year. Besides, discount loans for poverty alleviation also keep increasing, by setting up risk compensation fund and carrying out microfinance insurance for poor households, as well as mutual funds among poor households. It is helpful to solve the problem of credit problems.
(Ⅶ) Poverty alleviation by other supportive policies.
Other departments has also released documents related to poverty alleviation, the Ministry of industry and information technology issued “views of poverty alleviation by setting up national industrial and information systems in concentrated poverty-stricken regions in 2013, which determined to set up the internet in these regions. It hopes that there will be internet in more than 20 households with electricity per village by the end of 2020. National Bureau of statistics, the national development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of civil affairs and other ministries jointly issued “Notice of enhancing the construction of monitoring system in rural poor villages, which aims at providing data for targeted poverty alleviation. In 2012 the State Council Poverty Alleviation Office and the Communist Youth League issued "Educational aid to 10,000 students in central and western poverty-stricken regions, targeted on several pilot areas and concentrated poverty-stricken regions, motivating poor students go to vocational schools for 2-3 years. Besides, Ministry of civil affairs, the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, the National Women's Federation, the National Tourism Administration and the State Development Bank, Bank of communications, and several other institutions have also actively participated in poverty alleviation.
The above parts are only parts of the policy for poverty alleviation. Others are not mentioned here.
Ⅴ. The typical experience and mode of targeted poverty alleviation
Targeted poverty alleviation plays more and more important roles for building a prosperous society in China. Several innovative models have been created in poor regions and many experience have been accumulated. Here are several typical models.
(Ⅰ) Four views" in Weining, Guizhou.
1. Background. Yi, Hui, Miao Autonomous County in Weining is the largest ethnic minority Autonomous County in Guizhou Province, which has 19 towns, 15 townships, 1 nationality township. It covers 6,295 square kilometers and has a population of 14.02 million. The population of Yi, Hui, Miao minority takes up 23.1% of the total population. The GDP in 2014 achieved 150.93 billion yuan, increasing by 15% from last year.,The fixed assets investment more than 50 million yuan reaches RMB 19.062 billion yuan, increasing by 22%; total fiscal revenue is 1.907 billion yuan, increasing by 8.28% from last year. Weining County is one of the national-level poor country, with weak infrastructure and industrial development is lag behind. Besides, the growth rate of local income is very low. Since 2011, local poverty alleviation becomes more and more targeted and summed up the way of four views. During the four years, the population of the poor has decreased by 406,800, pure income reaches RMB 6,206 yuan, increasing by RMB 282 yuan, 12.42% increased from last year.
2. Approach. (1) Weining uses the "four look" approach to identify the object of poverty reduction, and effectively solve the problem of the “who to to be help”. Weining carries out the "four views" through nine steps including "scale decomposition, primary selection, announcement of one-help-another, customized program, fill in the lists, data entry, network operation, data update". There are four indicators, each one with a different score. (see Annex I). "Housing is the first indicator ". By looking at houses, we can estimate the living conditions and living environment of the household. The total score are 20 points: 5 for the housing conditions, 5 for the per capita housing area, 4 for travel conditions, 2 for drinking water conditions, 2 for electric conditions, 2 for production conditions." The second indicator is the production in land ", that is to estimate their agricultural income and food expenditure by looking at the farmers' land conditions and production conditions. The total score are 30 points: 8 points for the per capita arable land area, 8 points for planting structure, 6 points for per capita share of food, 8 points for per capita household income. The third indicator if labor ability ", is estimate the labor income and medical expenses through seeing farmer's labor conditions, labor skills master situation and the disabled population. It has 30 points: 8 points for the labor force accounted for the household population, 8 points for health status, 8 points for the labor force, 6 points for the per capita income." The forth indicator is to see the number of students in one household, which estimate the development potential and education spending The total score are 20 points, 12 points for the debt caused by education, 8 points for the return of education. According to the four indicators, "Four views" evaluates poor households to determine the level of poverty. The total score lower than 60 points and the per capita net income lower than RMB2,300 yuan (2010 constant price) can be classified to be poor household. In order to ensure the alleviation to be targeted, this measure should combine with the evaluation to the index of poor household. At the end of the year, using "four views" measure to assess the effectiveness of the poverty alleviation. Households with a total score higher than 60 points have been out of poverty, 60 - 80 points are easy returning to poverty and need further tracking more than 80 points can exit poverty alleviation program. "Four views" is adhere to the program of "household survey, registration, approval, publicity in village and town It also effectively promote the setting of files for targeted poverty alleviation. In 2014, five-star villages have quickly identified 1,610 households and 5,533 poor people in the village by the method. All villagers consider this measure fair enough.
(2) "six to the village and households” to help the poor, solving the problem of "how to solve poverty". One is poverty alleviation by promoting industrial development such as planting cigarettes, herbal medicines, sweat potato, or raising livestock according to local condition. These programs should be applied, approved, recorded by villages, townships, and counties. Another is poverty alleviation by supporting education in poor villages and towards poor households. By enhancing basic education in primary and secondary school as well as vocational education, poverty alleviation can be supported by education to a large extent, which can be supplementary to industrial development in poor regions. The third method is mutual alleviation should be towards to poor villages and households. Implementing the "4321" measure, section-level cadres should help 4 households, Deputy–section level cadres should help 3 households, cadres with lower level should help 2 households, the general cadre should help one household. 10,116cadres selected should be connected with poor households for targeted alleviation. Four is the reconstruction of old houses in poor households. By self testing - application - - in-house survey - Public evaluation – re-visit - county confirmation" to determine 75,000 poor households in open and fair measure, it benefits 300,300 poor villagers. Fifty is poverty alleviation by ecological migration in poor villages. Government policies and application by the households themselves should be connected. Poor households living in mountainous areas and alpine areas should be registered and filed. After investigating for poor households, working groups in poor villages have determined 1,222 poor households to carry out ecological migration, covering 5,261 poor villagers. The sixth is the infrastructure construction. By promoting Build a beautiful village and setting up fiscal awards, local government aims at promoting the construction of road, water facility, house, power facility, and village to improve the industrial development by infrastructure construction.
(3) By checking the causes of poverty, establishing mechanisms of how to alleviate and who should alleviate. One policy should be made in terms of one household with one cadre to help, this requires to analyze the cause led to poverty and make targeted measures for poverty alleviation.
(4) Taking the "drip alleviation" approach, ensuring the project funds to be targeted, and effectively solving the problem of “how to help the poor”. Abandoning the way of scattered investment, instead, funds should be integrated, allocated, and managed orderly. This can be realized by changing the allocation way of funds. "one village one product", by taking take direct subsidy, first built after the compensation, and other awards to support the development of agricultural industry. Second is a clear focus on financial support, poverty alleviation funds should be focused on the cultivation of Chinese herbal medicine, ecological culture and other aspects. Third is the funds should be received by household in person. They can understand what kind of support they have received. In this way can ensure the alleviation funds applied to the most-needed poor households.
3.Experience: (1) Be targeted is the requirements for poverty alleviation. Before 2011, the number of poor population in Weining county was calculated according to the statistical data, which can not meet the requirements of current poverty alleviation and development. After 2011, Weining County starts to set up files for the poor households, which can raise the efficiency of identification through dynamic ways. Therefore, targeted identification is the basic requirement for targeted poverty alleviation.
(2) Be targeted is the main thought of targeted poverty alleviation. Weining County uses "four views” to identify poor households, “six to the village to the household "to ensure the efficiency of poverty alleviation, “one to one" to analyse the causes of poverty, and establish mechanism to eradicate poverty. Unlike the traditional poverty alleviation which is not targeted, this new measure can ensure targeted measures after clear identification for poverty.
(3) Efficiency is the direction targeted poverty alleviation. By promoting industrial development according to local conditions, Weining County makes great achievement of poverty alleviation in sustainable way, which can also prevent re-poverty.
(Ⅱ) “Six projects" in Weiyuan, Gansu.
1. Background. Weiyuan County in Gansu Province is the birthplace of Weihe River which is the largest tributary of the Yellow River, it is located in Central Gansu Province, Dingxi City, and is the "planting basement of potato and Codonopsis. It has several ecological demonstration projects, and also the pilot county for entrepreneurship in west regions. 316 and 212 National Road,and Linwei section of Lan Yu railway under construction all go through this region. The county's total area is 2065 square kilometers with 8 towns and 8 counties, 3 communities, 217 administrative villages, It has a population of 345,000, 322,000 of which are agricultural population.
2. Practice. According to the requirements of national "the opinion that about innovative mechanisms to effectively promote rural poverty alleviation and development", it released the “The implementation program of Weiyuan County poverty alleviation filling riser", taking innovation mechanism of targeted alleviation and vigorously promoting the pilot projects. Weiyuan County implements "six major projects ", by carrying out the requirement of six targets and making innovation, as well as targeting the objects to alleviate.
(1) Infrastructure construction is the priority. Water, electricity, roads, and house are the focus, the construction of a beautiful village is carried out vigorously, which breaks the barriers restricting the development of poor villages. power network renovation rate reaches 82%, power coverage rate reached 86.7%; building management and maintenance are carried out at the same time, 135 road projects with 478.3 kilometers have completed, asphalt roads have been built in 16 towns, the road solid rate has reached 67.8%; combing with relocation, disaster reconstruction, reconstruction project of dilapidated houses in the countryside, to build 36 centralized resettlement points with 2,694 households and reconstruct 7,500 houses, which takes up 50% of 25,591 planned houses. At the same time, poverty alleviation and development by promoting urban development", accelerating the integration of urban and rural construction, fully support the development of Chuan Zhen, Lin Feng Zhen counties and create Tourism Town of WU ZHU,LU YUAN, SHANG WAN, building two demonstration villages in Yuan Gu Dui and Dian Po, the Urbanization rate reaches 20.43% and the living environment has been significantly improved.
(2) Raise local income by promoting industrial development. Potato planting has been the most important agricultural industry and it aims at building the “first potato planting county in China and cooperate with the International Potato Center, by setting up research institutes, to research new technologies, introduce new varieties. Building one greenhouse with 12,800square meters and 666 greenhouses to cultivate original seeds. Cultivate Chinese herbal medicine to set up a "nationwide well-known Chinese medicine base" and cooperate with Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University by signing industrial cooperation agreement to build planting base and training base, and promote the construction of GAP base in Chinese herbal medicine, and processing enterprises and markets, storage, quality inspection system, and trying to ensure the acreage of planting area around 400,000 acres. Herding and Grassing industry also develop at high speed. There are 510 aquaculture enterprises (District), 1104 household livestock farm, and 12,200 household raising livestock. Besides, there are two slaughter and processing factories with production of 200,000 livestock. The concentrated industrial factory costs more than RMB 200 million, with the coverage of 8.8 square kilometers.
(3) Public service projects have also been implemented. 14 new kindergartens have been built, primary schools have been build in 76 administrative villages. All townships have kindergarten built and the admission rate reaches 72.3%. By investing more than RMB 210 million yuan, lots of hospitals have all been set up in town. In the villages, there are 146 health rooms, 58 culture rooms, 59 comprehensive service center. Villages with these facilities take up 82%, 26.7%, 27.2% respectively among all administrative villages. The coverage ratio of new rural cooperative Medicare and pension insurance reaches 97.12% and 96.9%. The coverage ratio of and subsistence allowances in urban and rural areas reaches 12.8% and 24.5%.
(4) By taking several financial measures to support agricultural projects. There are 8 credit guarantee companies such as the Sheng Ding and Zhong Hui. There are sub-branches of Industrial and Commercial Bank of China and Bank of Gansu The National Agricultural Development Bank provides 65 million yuan for agricultural reserves, 748 million yuan under special financial loans, 23.25 million from the World Bank. By exploring "mutual trust" fund, 115 cooperatives have been set up with the investment of 21.884 million yuan. There are 60 branches providing financial service to villagers.
(5) Capacity building project. There are training programs for poor households to help them with high skills. 28,000 villagers have been trained every year, including 4,928 participating labor skills training, 2,300 trainees under two-type students, 4,643 with skill identification, and more than 78,000 under labor transferring. service income has reached to 1,080 million yuan., Fiscal funds for training reaches 3.65 million yuan.
(6) Promoting e-business for poverty alleviation projects. Local government invests 3 million each year to support the development of e-commerce and modern logistics industry development, especially for tourism. Implementing the “development of beautiful village for poverty alleviation.” vigorously The development of Weihe source area has been listed as one of 20 key touring plans and it has reached national AAAA level. 31 touring commodities have been developed and 460,000 tourists have been attracted, and creating 180 million revenue.
3.Experience. (1) Being dedicated is the fundamental factors. Local government, different departments, and local household should all be dedicated in poverty alleviation. Departments of poverty alleviation from the national-level, provincial level, township level, to village-level should explore practical ways for alleviating the poverty. Working groups in poor villages should be set up and tightly connect with local poor. The poor households should be dedicated to finding ways out of poverty. (2) Government should be engaged in poverty alleviation actively. In 2011, poverty alleviation by special programs, industrial development and social development has been set up. Financial resources have been invested into poverty alleviation. Besides, social resources have all been aggregated to alleviate poverty. (3)Social resources should take part in poverty alleviation. such as funds from the China Minsheng Bank, materials and funds from both municipal and county-level in Tianjin. Besides, there are cooperation with International Potato Center, and Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, which are both helpful to build research and development institutions, planting bases and personnel training base. The mutual supporting mechanisms should be set up, such as eastern provinces assist the western, enterprises assist the rural areas, the developed assists less developed, rich villages assist poor ones. (4) Development ways should be changed according to local conditions. By taking poverty alleviation through local development, Weiyuan county has realized industrial development and poverty alleviation at the same time. Local income can be raised by industrial development, which can be promoted by technology innovation. Under this mode, local government, enterprises, associations, and households all take participate. By making general plan, centralized management, livestock are raised in individual households. Another way is that livestock can be raised all together and individuals can be shareholders. Local sheep farming becomes one important source to raise local income.
(Ⅲ) “Six major projects" in Huize,Yunnan.
1. Background: Huize area is in Wumeng Mountain peak, is located at the junction of three provinces and eight County with 23 jurisdiction townships (town, street), 376 Villages (community), 1.027million population, the third most-populated county in Yunnan, with 892,000 agricultural population 86.85% of the total population. There are still 385,000 poor population, accounting for 37.5% of the overall population, the land area is 5,854 square kilometers, 95.7%.of which is mountainous areas.
2. Approach: (1) "going out" strategy. There are three "1/3" goal, that is, 1/3 of labor force engaged in agriculture, 1/3 transferred to Second and third industry inter-county, additional 1/3 go to business out of counties. By taking this measure, more than 300,000 people are engaged in business and create an annul revenue more than 6,000 million yuan. By enhancing education, the young generation can go out and find new ways with knowledge to get rid of poverty. ".
(2) Implementation of infrastructure improvement projects. Since "12th Five Year Plan", both the main roads and paths are constructed. The length of main roads hardened among administrative villages reaches 728 kilometers. The acreage of hardened road inter villages reaches 453,400 square meters inter villages. Water facilities have also been set up. The acreage of newly built water eservoir reaches 12,600,000 cubic meters, solving drinking water problem for 476,900 agricultural populations. The acreage of newly built irrigation farmland reaches 169,200 acres and 209,000 acres with renovation. The third is power infrastructure construction. power grids in33,586 households have been renovated, 651.94 kilometers of 10 thousand volt line have been set up, 672 transformers have been installed. As a result, electricity is available in each household. Fourth is the house construction. The acreage of newly built houses in 35,000 households reaches 350,000 square meters and the local housing condition has been improved significantly.
(3) Promoting industrial development. The first way is transform and upgrade traditional industries, such as lead and zinc, construction materials, and energy The project of refining 16 million tons of lead and zinc has been successfully put into production. At the same time, accelerating the transformation and upgrading of modern agriculture, such as potatoes, vegetables, aquatic products and other traditional industries. Second way is to develop new industries, especially biology, clean energy, tourism cultural industry, hydropower, wind power, and green food processing. For example, planting of walnut, Maca, soft seed pomegranate are with local advantages. It is the "hometown of Chinese walnut and pepper". It also has the largest sturgeon breeding base and becomes the farming base, livestock production base, fruit planting base and forestry base in the province.
(4) Quality-oriented education and capacity building. Poverty in Huize is essentially the poverty of capacity and low surviving capability. Since the "Twelfth Five Year Plan", the total investment on education is 16.8 billion yuan 10 new primary and secondary schools are built, 354 schools are repaired and renovated, the acreage of new schools reaches 399,900 square meters, the acreage of renovation of old houses reaches 141, 400 square meters. Nutrition improvement plan in rural schools" benefits 233,000 students. Besides, by capacity building on practical skills, 12,000 villagers are trained for labor transferring, 200,000 for practical skills, and 2,500 under the special raindrop plan.
(5) The implementation of ecological protection and the construction of a beautiful home. Protecting the ecological environment is important for sustainable development in rural regions. Paying close attention to pollution control and environmental protection. Comprehensive treatment are conducted in Zhehai industrial zone, more than 30 enterprises are closed, especially those highly polluted such as building materials and lead and zine industry. Another aspect is promoting ecological restoration and green development. Clean energies are encouraged such as solar, biogas digesters, and the energy-saving stoves. Besides, returning farmland to forest should continue, the coverage of green plants in dry hot valley area and areas with desertification area afforestation reaches 128,900 acres. The acreage of walnut planting reaches one million acre. The coverage of forest is 44.5%. The third measure is the construction of beautiful homes.
(6) Urbanization also plays an important role in poverty alleviation. Combined with overall village promotion and poverty alleviation by relocation and migration, taking measures like, poverty on the mountain can be solved on the foot of mountain, poverty in villages can be solved in towns or cities, scattered problems can be solved in concentrated ways, new measures for poverty alleviation have been explored for mountainous areas and rural-urban integration. Construction of demonstration town with modern and efficient ecological agriculture, small towns should be connected with new village construction. financial capital, market financing and money collected from the public should all be combined. Fourth Ring linkage (labor transfer, land transfer, agricultural industrial structure adjustment and scale management, population to small town concentrated), five fundamental aspects: improving infrastructure, fostering basic industries, enhancing capacity building, basic security construction, building basic team ", brings major changes to the infrastructure, industry characteristics, capacity of the peasants, urban and rural landscape, relations between cadres and the masses.
(7) The implementation of the security system construction. Security system is the key to support poverty alleviation. culture, health, pension and other livelihood projects should be combined., So far, pension system covers 98% of rural regions, the participating ratio of new rural cooperative Medicare system is 98%. Besides, working groups in rural poor areas should be set up, according to the requirement of Party guides poverty alleviation and poverty alleviation promotes the development of Party.
3.Experience. One is the joint efforts, the masses and cadres both take action. Guided by local governments, assisted by departments, the poor household should play active roles. The whole society should all participate. The second measure is innovating the overall system under poverty alleviation. Discussion one issue after another, project inspection, Incentive constraint, project supervision, and funds supervision, etc. Three is resources should be integrated and funds investment should be increased. Resources and funds should be used efficiently to promote the effects and outcome of poverty alleviation. Fourth is special industries fit for local advantages should be developed, planting walnut in long-term, raising pigs as the main livestock mid period, and planting potato in the short term. Fifth is capacity building for local villagers. Setting up employment training center, network distance education, two schools in village. The Sixth is improving people's livelihood and enhancing social security. Implementation of "two exemptions and one subsidy" policy through the development of education, providing more supports to students in poor families, preventing re-poverty caused by education cost. Poverty alleviation by healthcare policy. Constructing rural healthcare centers (room), regulating new rural cooperative Medicare system, improving the health service system, setting up medical aid, effectively preventing re-poverty caused by illness; improving the social security system, strengthening dynamic management, making more targeted policies and solving the practical problems for poor people.
Index 1: Scales of targeted poverty alleviation in Weining county, Guizhou province
1.House (20 scores)
|
Contents and scores |
Scales |
Standards |
|
Housing condition (5 scores) |
safe |
5 |
|
dangerous 2-3 level |
3 |
|
|
dangerous 1 level or no house |
0 |
|
|
Housing acreage per person (5 scores) |
More than 30 square meters |
5 |
|
10—30square meters |
4 |
|
|
less than 10 square meters |
2 |
|
|
Road condition (4 scores) |
hardened road |
4 |
|
non-hardened road |
2 |
|
|
no road |
0 |
|
|
Drinking water (2 scores) |
drinking water |
2 |
|
Water cellar and water source spot |
1 |
|
|
no drinking water |
0 |
|
|
Power (2 scores) |
Electricity and price, with some household appliance |
2 |
|
No electricity and price, with power |
1 |
|
|
No power at all |
0 |
|
|
Production (2 scores) |
Machinery |
2 |
2. Agricultural products (30 scores)
|
Contents and scores |
scales |
Standards |
|
|
Planting fields per capita |
more than 2 acres |
8 |
|
|
1-2 acres |
6 |
||
|
less than 1 acre |
4 |
||
|
no field |
0 |
||
|
Planting(8 scores) Fruits and economic plants can get 8 scores each, but no more than 8 by the two together |
fruit |
more than 1 acre |
8 |
|
0.5—1acre |
6 |
||
|
Less than 0.5acre |
4 |
||
|
none |
0 |
||
|
Economic income per capita |
More than RMB500 yuan |
8 |
|
|
RMB 300—500 yuan |
6 |
||
|
RMB 200—300yuan |
4 |
||
|
Less than 200 |
2 |
||
|
None (but land rent to others) |
2 |
||
|
Food for per capita |
More than 330jin |
6 |
|
|
210—330jin |
4 |
||
|
Less than 210jin |
2 |
||
|
Per household |
More than 1000yuan |
8 |
|
3. Capability of larbor
|
Contents and scores |
Scales |
Standard |
|
|
Percentage of labor in the household |
More than 50% |
8 |
|
|
40% |
6 |
||
|
Less than 20% |
3 |
||
|
0 |
0 |
||
|
Health condition |
healthy |
8 |
|
|
main labor healthy, others not |
6 |
||
|
Main labor illness, laboring capability partially lost |
4 |
||
|
family members illness |
2 |
||
|
Quality for labors (8scores) |
(4scores) Cultural degree |
higher than middle school |
4 |
|
primary school |
2 |
||
|
illiterate |
0 |
||
|
skills (4scores) |
More than one skills |
4 |
|
|
Be trained but not familiar with skills |
2 |
||
|
none |
0 |
||
|
Working income per capita (6scores) |
more than 1000 yuan |
6 |
|
|
500—1000yuan |
4 |
||
|
Less than 500yuan |
2 |
||
|
none |
0 |
||
4. Students in one household (20 scores)
|
Contents and score |
Scale |
Standards |
|
Education debt (12scores) |
none |
12 |
|
Less than 5000yuan |
8 |
|
|
5000—10000yuan |
4 |
|
|
More than10000yuan |
0 |
|
|
Education return (8 scores) |
Students in junior colleges |
8 |
|
Students in high schools |
4 |
|
|
Students in primary schools |
2 |
|
|
none |
0 |
Index 2: Poverty alleviation goals in poor counties, poor villages, poor households in Gansu province.
-- goal of poverty alleviation in counties (19 items): (1) average annual disposable income per capita higher than the average level of the province; (2) the poverty rate dropped to below 8%; (3) the whole village out of poverty; (4) the general public budget income per capita higher than the average level of the whole province; (5) the administrative village of asphalt (cement) proportion reached 100%, public buses in administrative village reached more than 95%; (6) the village road hardening (sandy) rate reached more than 70%; (7) household with safe drinking water accounted for 100% of GDP, water supply rate of households reached more than 96%; (8) administrative village power coverage reached 100%; (9) a safe house of poor households, the proportion reached 100%, a safe and stable housing and the per capita housing area more than 30 square meters of poor households, the proportion reached 90%; (10) Consolidation rate for compulsory education of county-level reaches more than 95%; (11) the new rural cooperative Medicare system covers more than 95%villages; (12) coverage of culture rooms in administrative villages reached 100%,coverage rate of Library, museum, and cultural centers reached 100%; (13)coverage rate of standardized healthcare room more than 95%, more than 1.95 professional doctors per thousand; (14) the new rural social pension insurance rate reached more than 95%; (15) the coverage of outdoor toilet in rural areas reached more than 80%, the coverage of toilet is over 70%; (16) the communication penetration rate reached more than 95%, the coverage of central and provincial television reached more than 98%, city, county television coverage rate reached more than 50%, the coverage of Internet more than 25%; (17)coverage rate of administrative village mutual fund reached 100%; (18)Water consumption of agricultural added value in rural areas is less than 1500 cubic meters; (19) Social security index reached 100%.
-- poor village poverty reduction objectives (17 items ): (1) the disposable income per capita for the poor is higher than the poverty line, higher than the average level in the province. (2) the poverty rate dropped to below 8%; (3) more than 1 hardened road to the town, more than 1 bus to the village ; (4) ration of hardened road to the village government reached 100%; (5) the safety of drinking water accounted for 100%, household with water supply reached more than 96%; (6) Power electric; (7) a safe and stable house reached 100%, a stable and safe house and house area per capita more than 30 square meters reached 90%; (8) more than 1 industries for the village income; (9) compulsory education consolidation rate reached more than 95%; (10) the new rural cooperative medical care participation rate reached more than 95% above; (11) More than 1 standardization of village health room, more than 1 profession doctors.; (12) New type of rural social endowment insurance rate reached more than 95%; (13) outdoor toilet ratio reached more than 80%, toilet rate reached 70%; (14) more than 1 village culture center; (15) communication rate reached more than 95%, the coverage rate of central and provincial radio and television programs reached more than 98%, the coverage rate of city and County Radio and television program reached 50% or more, the proportion of Internet reached 25%; (16) more than 1 Mutual Funds Association; (17) skills training rate of willing family "two students" reached 100%.
-- goal of poverty households (totally 12): (1)The average income is higher than the poverty standard, and higher than the average income of the province.(2) there are the safe and stable house,t he average square of safe and stable house is equal or larger than 30m2; (3) drinking safe water is connected to tap water in the area with conditions; (4) 9 years of compulsory education; (5) the main labour force has been trained;(6) there is a way to increase income. (7) all people participate new rural cooperative medical care; (8) a new type of rural social pension insurance; (9) a simple toilet or sanitary toilet; (10) with communications equipment, cable radio and television, Internet; (11) No loans because of illness, marriage or borrowing; (12) the per capita living consumption is greater than that of the national poverty alleviation standards.
Appendix 3 Village aid of “seven word work method" in Weiyuan County, Gansu Province
Combining with local situation, Weiyuan County positively exploring seven measures of poverty alleviation, visit, see, fill up, calculate, listen, help and sign.
Visit villagers and know the needs of the masses.
See the agricultural products, house, capability of labor force, students in households.
Fill in the hand books of targeted poverty alleviation according to Visit and See.
Calculate and compare the income changes with poor population.
Listen to the poor population for their experience and measures out of poverty. Help the poor people to develop poverty relief measures and solve problems with the water, electricity, roads, housing, and public services and other issues.
Assessment and evaluation to working groups of poverty alleviation are necessary. Indoor visits and checks by the leaders both need signature.
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