Study on Various Issues of The Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction in China

ABSTRACT

   The cause of China's poverty alleviation and development has made remarkable achievements and come into being the“Trinity Big Poverty Reduction”structure, which combined the special poverty reduction, industry poverty reduction and the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction.the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction has become one of the important engine of poverty alleviation and development work in the poor areas. Compared with the special poverty reduction and industry poverty reduction,the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction has obvious characteristics and advantages. Specific performance as follows:

   Firstly, the broad participation of the whole society. Poverty reduction by the whole society absorbs and mobilizes most widely positive strengths to participate in our efforts to address poverty through development, reflecting the diversity of its participation main body.

   Secondly, diversified poverty alleviation and development strategy. Poverty reduction by the whole society brings together diverse participation main bodies such as the democratic parties, government departments, enterprises, international agencies and non-governmental organizations, etc. Different main bodies adopts diverse poverty alleviation and development strategies according to their own features.

   Thirdly, the sustainable concept of poverty reduction and pattern innovation. the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction is the fastest areas in poverty alleviation idea and pattern innovation. Especially the continuously explorations of relevant international agencies and social organizations, is one of the important power of poverty alleviation idea and pattern innovation.

   The Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction at this stage mainly includes six models: sited-support poverty reduction, aid-and-collaboration relationship between the East and West, the poverty reduction by the army and armed police force, other ministries efforts for poverty reduction, Non-governmental sectors' participating in poverty reduction. As one of the "three carriages" of the big poverty alleviation and development pattern, the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction plays an irreplaceable role. Over these years，sited-support poverty reduction which were carried out nationwide by parties and government offices, the people's army, enterprises and institutions, aid-and-collaboration relationship between the East and West carried out by 15 provinces and cities in the east and 10 provinces and cities in the west, and the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction carried out by private enterprises, social organizations and individuals, have achieved remarkable results. The Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction has become the most potential and the most dynamic part of the anti-poverty development work. However, at the same time, some problems of the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction have begun to emerge. Specific performance as follows:

   Firstly, administrative mobilization is still the main method of work.

   Secondly, the mechanism of each sector to work together has not been established.Works of the main body are relatively loose, resulting that the use of resources can not form resultant force.

   Thirdly, construction of the institutional environment is still relatively lagging behind. The effect of the NGO in poverty alleviation and development work is limited greatly.

   The Outline for Poverty Alleviation and Development of China's Rural Areas(2011-2020) proposed guidance suggestions forthe Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction of the new stage. The great attention paied by the state on poverty alleviation and development work provided directions and power for the further development of the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction.At the same time, the situation of poverty alleviation and development at the new stage has brought huge challenges for poverty alleviation. Specific performance as follows:

   Firstly, the pressure of the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction surges because of the grim situation of poverty. At present, China's surplus rural poor population is mainly distributed in areas with poor natural conditions,  imperfect infrastructure, weak income industry and backward culture. And the distribution of poverty population is more dispersed, increasing the difficulty of poverty alleviation.

   Secondly,the difficulty of the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction continues to increase because of the goal of comprehensively building a well-off society. Promoting the all-round development of poor areas and the poor population  is also an important goal of poverty alleviation and development during the period of comprehensively building a well-off society. The advantages of the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction on meeting the diverse needs of the poor areas and poor population, decides that it should take more responsibility and play a more important role in poverty reduction and development.

   Thirdly, the innovation of the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction becomes more urgent because of the needs of comprehensively deepening the reform. Another important challenge of the present poverty reduction and development is how to innovate and develop social poverty reduction and make contribution to deepening reform，the modernization of national governance system, and the construction of the big poverty alleviation pattern promoted by the government，market and society collaboratively.

   The Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction is still in the process of constant exploration,in the new age,poverty alleviation and development gives more profound connotation to the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction,and determines the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction and development direction in the future. During the stage of building the “Xiao Kang society”,we must do the following to “ensure the poor out of poverty by 2020”.

   Firstly, diversifying the subject of the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction.New stage of poverty alleviation and development should pay more attention to mobilize and guide the social subjects to participate in poverty alleviation and development,promote the whole people to participate the development of poverty reduction’s concepts,make more and more people realize that those are our responsibility and poverty reduction has important significance.and emphasis on the endogenous development of poor people and areas.

   Thirdly, establishing normalization mechanism of the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction.It will rise to the strategic level to comprehensive advance,and become as important as government poverty alleviation.It should be as a kind of normalized poverty alleviation existing for a long time,be regular work which is leaded by government and which can promote the poverty reduction.

   Thirdly, standardize the process of institutionalization of the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction.We must promote the standardization of the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction if we want it to play its important role in the new stage.In contrast,it can’t be play a role of the remaining poverty alleviation,and be drive only by nothing more than a passion of social forces.

   Ultimately, promoting the strategic position of the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction.We should build the great pattern which make government,market and society together to think and review the social poverty reduction at this new historical starting,else,great poverty alleviation pattern construction is also an important part of national governance system.At new stage,social poverty has risen a strategic height of national development,social poverty alleviation of the innovation and development will make great contribution to build the Xiao Kang society in all-round way and promote the modernization of national governance system.




 

The Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction in China




    On Jun 18^th 2015, during the Meeting on Poverty Reduction and Economic Development in ‘the 13^th five-year plan’, which was held in Guiyang, the General Secretary of CCP Xi Jinping pointed out, “Poverty Reduction and Development is a responsibility shouldered by entire party and entire society. To fulfill this responsibility, we need to combine the effort of government and nongovernmental sector, and take more powerful measures to secure a good performance of poverty reduction, to perfect the cooperation between the east and the west. The central government and Party organizations should pay more attention to improve the sited-support poverty reduction mechanism; the eastern provinces should to increase the aid provided to their western partner provinces. Also the SOEs should engage into the poverty reduction more actively. Furthermore, we should encourage, support and help the non-government forces, including the NSOEs, NGOs and Citizens to participate in the poverty reduction.” Poverty reduction is the “baseline-goal” of building a well-off society. It’s our task must be accomplished in 2020 that all rural poor are alleviated. In order to win this battle, we should take more targeted measures and form a framework to encourage Non-government forces to participate in. In the past decades, China government has already formed a way of poverty reduction. Under the new historical condition, we need to summarize the experiences, analyze the challenge we are facing now and seize the trend. By doing so, we can have better understandings about how to accomplish our duty completely.

I. General Introduction 

1.Backgrounds

The Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction is an important component of the way of poverty reduction in China, but also a reflection of the advantages of socialism. It makes the urban-rural co-ordination easier and the regional development more efficient, meanwhile, the underdeveloped regions and the poor can share the achievements of our country’s reforming and development. If we briefly review the history of non-governmental sector’s participating in poverty reduction in China, and explore the current situation, we will reach a clearer understanding of this issue.

 

(1) A brief history of The Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction

In Sept 1984, the State Council, promulgated an act, with the name of ‘guan yu bang zhu pin kun di qu jin kuai gai shan mian mao de tong zhi’《关于帮助贫困地区尽快改善面貌的通知》, it marked the Chinese government had started the state action to reduce poverty. In 1986, the state Council Economic Leading Group for the Poor Region founded by Chinese government, which take the responsibility to battle poverty in China. After that, the local government also established their own leading group and standing office for the poverty reduction. And then, some ministries and directly affiliated institutions also founded this kind of leading groups and offices. They even sent work groups to some area to help the local people reduce the poverty directly. Meanwhile, the democratic parties, social groups and cities in different sizes also started to work on the poverty reduction. After the Conference of ‘Central Poverty Reduction and Development Works’ in 1996, the cooperation of eastern and western region’s poverty reduction works has been established.^[] In this framework, the eastern provinces and cities required to aid a counterpart western impoverished region.

    As we entered in the 21st century, the country paid more attention to the private enterprises’ functions in the poverty reduction, the government encourages more social forces to take part in. Any it gained many significant effects in these years by the counterpart relationship between the east and the west, the cooperation between 15 eastern regions and 10 western regions and the participation of private enterprise, social group and the public. The Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction gradually became a most potential and most active part of the poverty reduction and development practice. In recent decade, the collaboration between the east and west keeps expanding and widening constantly, leads to a new relationship of “mutual benefit and double”.  Following the economic-society changing，the poverty reduction and development be seen as an important social responsibility by more and more enterprises, by means of establish enterprises or bases in poor areas to improve the local economic development. Moreover, various non-governmental organizations has played an important role in recent years as well.

Currently, the main mission of poverty reduction work in our country has come from a basic stage: ‘solving the food and clothing problem’ leveled up to a higher new stage: ‘to consolidate the existing achievement, to get rid of poverty and fasten the economic progression, to improve the environment, to enhance the development ability and to narrow the gap between different area.’ The Chinese Central Government announced that, in this new stage, we should not only maintain the old methods and policies, but also need to figure out the new social trending, mobilize the non-governmental forces and to make joint efforts, then push forward the innovation of the the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction mode. On the one hand, our nation has a tradition on helping the poverty from ancient time, ‘to achieve the common prosperity’ is an ultimate social ideal in new China. For that matter, by “the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction ”we can inherit and enrich both the old Chinese tradition and new socialistic tradition. On the other hand, its increasing potential already becomes a necessary part of “the Big Poverty Reduction” structure.

(2) The new characteristics of poverty problems in China

    Along with the accomplishment of “Outline of Rural Poverty Reduction and Exploitation in China (2001-2010)”, we face some new challenges in poverty reduction as follow.

First of all, compares to the past, the difficulty of poverty reduction is enhanced. According to the new standard, until the end of 2013, we still have 82.49 million poor people, in some provinces (districts) like Xizang, Gansu, Guizhou, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Qinghai, the percentage of poverty is higher than 20%.^[]Although the total number is obviously decreased, this remarkable achievement should thanks to the implement of rural reform and good situation of economic development from the end of 1970s,especially the rapid progress in this decade. In the new century, the new policy not only benefits the farmers but also provide a more powerful support to the poverty reduction governance. On the new stage, we cannot expect to solve all following problems by the simple economic growth, but need to find out some new theory and practice mode on the poverty reduction.

Secondly, the distribution of the poor featured “Big dispersion, small concentration”. The poor in our country mainly live in 14 “Contiguous poor areas”. ^[] Poverty in these regions is caused by multiple facts. The first reason is the poorly built infrastructures and lack of satisfactory public services. Undoubtedly, government should take the responsibility to improve the shortage on basic facilities, and to prompt the equality of the providence of public service. Meantime, via the system adjustment and policy’s supply, to encourage enterprises and social groups further taking part in the poverty reduction works. Then, it is often find out that the economic systems are immaturity in these areas, some even cannot marketed efficiently，the key to break this situation is industrialization. Government on one hand should provide more favorable basic facilities, public service and other infrastructures, activate the financial policy, tax policy, land policy and industry policy at the same time, and provide external support to market economy in those poor regions. Let the market mechanism play a more positive role in the poverty reduction.

    Thirdly, some poor people are excluded from the current policies. There are two reasons, on the one hand, most policies implemented by the government are aim at certain common fact of poverty, it’s hard to fully respond to the need of every single poor community or individual, who have various demands. On the other hand, in the process to convey the resources, government lacks a channel to contact with poor farmers directly, they need the participation of the grassroots-organization. However, these organizations always blended their own actions and ideas in the process of resource allocation, it results in the poor who need assist cannot fully enjoyed the policies and welfare.

2.Why we encourage non-governmental sectors to participate in? 

   On the eighteenth session of the National People's Congress, Chinese government make the ultimate goal of poverty reduction clear. Non-governmental sectors’ participating, which has the extremely vital significance on the issue of poverty reduction, the building of a well-off society, and the modernization of governance capacity.

(1)Non-governmental sectors’ participating is an important component of the poverty reduction road with Chinese characteristics

In the last decades, poverty reduction leaded by Chinese has made remarkable achievements and formed a road with Chinese characteristics. The overall framework of poverty reduction and development can be summarized as "the trinity" poverty reduction pattern, including Specialized institutions for poverty alleviation, other ministries efforts for poverty reduction and non-governmental sectors’ participating. Generally speaking, the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction refers to several concrete mechanisms, including sited poverty reduction by ministries at central government level, Collaboration relationship between the East province and  their West counterparts, international poverty reduction collaborations, and social organization’s participating. In the past ten years, more and more non-governmental forces actively joined the poverty alleviation fields, and have become one of the important engine to improve the economic situation in poor area and the living standards of the poor. However, we must admit that the potential in this field is not sufficient exploited. In the new stage, we should further tap latent potential of this field by continuous system and mechanism innovation.

(2) It is an important way to realize the ideal of a Well-off Society

The general secretary of CCP, Xi Jinping stressed at the eighteenth session of the National People's Congress that, if the people stayed impoverished, it is not socialism, we should make great efforts to battle poverty, to end the long-term poverty, to improve the masses life, otherwise we cannot say the superiority of the socialism. ^[] In order to build a comprehensive well-off society, the most difficult and onerous tasks in the rural areas, especially in poor areas. Without moderate prosperity in the rural, especially without moderate prosperity in the poor areas, there is no way to build a well-off society. ^[] How to realize the ideal of the well-off society in poor areas? Mobilizing social forces to participate in poverty reduction is a most effective way. Because the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction would make the development share with poor masses more and fairer, which could promote the poverty reduction career faster and better. Certainly, the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction in China is still in the initial stage at present, we cannot achieve overnight. Complexity, difficulty, and long-term objectively demand the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction to overcome short-term behavior and to consistently promote it.

(3)The Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction is the internal requirements to improve the national governance capabilities

The joint efforts of government and non-governmental sectors is an important features of the poverty reduction road with Chinese characteristics. In the past, in order to push the poverty reduction programs forward, Chinese government formed a framework to combine the efforts from Specialized institutions for poverty alleviation, other ministries efforts for poverty reduction and non-governmental sectors’ participating. Recent years, non-governmental sectors developed fast and more actively get involved into poverty alleviation. We had established the grant goal to build a well-off society in all respects, stressing to promote rural poverty in-depth, which illustrate the importance of mobilizing and organizing social forces to participate in poverty alleviation and development. ^[] Look back over the past 20 years, it is not hard to find that China's poverty reduction and development gets ahead because of constantly improving the understanding of poverty, and adjusting existing poverty alleviation policies. Through the combination of specialized institutions for poverty alleviation, other ministries efforts for poverty reduction and non-governmental sectors’ participating, the poor area developed fast. In the process of improving the large pattern of poverty reduction, we need to consider the boundary among the government, market and society which means that government should take his responsibility without excessive intervention. Through the policy guidance and institutional mechanisms, the stimulation of corporate social responsibility, expand social enterprise survival and development of space, eliminate social organizations to participate in the development of the system and mechanism obstacles, so as to give full play to the enterprise organization and social organization in the development of poverty. Therefore, the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction is one of the important embodiment of promoting the modernization of nation governance which can adjust the structure of China's poor governance system, improve the effectiveness of governance.

 3. The characteristics of poverty reduction by society

A wide range of social participation is the important feature of Poverty alleviation road with Chinese Characteristics. On the one hand, since ancient times, our nation has the good tradition of helping the poor and caring for the needy. The People's Republic of China takes the common prosperity as the social ideal to a higher degree. In this respect, “the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction” inherits the fine traditions of Chinese society and enriches the socialism new tradition. On the other hand, with the continuous growth of its potential, the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction has become an important part of the pattern of “great poverty alleviation”. We can understand the characteristics of the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction from several aspects:

(1)The broad participation of the whole society

The Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction absorbs and mobilizes most widely positive strengths to participate in our efforts to battle poverty through development. a.The sited-support poverty reduction. Including all divisions and units of the central and state organs, people's organizations, institution with reference to the management of civil servant law, large state-owned backbone enterprises, state-owned financial institutions, the democratic parties and China Federations of Industry, the national key scientific research institutions, etc. By 2012, 310 central state organs, enterprises and institutions set up pairing support relations with 592 key counties for poverty alleviation and development work across the country. b.Since 1996, the Chinese government started to make deployment and arranged 15 economically developed eastern provinces and cities along with 11 western provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) to carry out the poverty alleviation work and promoting cooperation of East-West of China. c.In addition, according to the national and resident's poverty alleviation and development planning, the army and armed police forces take their advantages and take initiatives to participate in sited-support poverty reduction and the village-based poverty reduction actively, and support agricultural and rural infrastructure construction such as the irrigation and water conservancy, rural roads, small watershed management and so on. Besides they carry out support activities, including Donations to schools, technology services and medical support, etc. d.In particular, all kinds of people's organizations, social organizations, private enterprises and ordinary citizens also take an active part in poverty alleviation and development. In view of the requirement of the special difficult areas and people out of poverty to get rich, they support industry development, infrastructure construction, education and health, ecological environment construction and improve the production and living conditions, by various forms such as fixed-point support, pairing support, special poverty alleviation project and specific activities for poverty alleviation. All kinds of organizations effectively mobilize a man who has professional technology and committed to poverty alleviation and other public welfare undertakings. Meanwhile they actively carry out the volunteer activities to help poor people out of poverty. Private enterprises actively fulfill the social responsibility and participate in poverty alleviation and development through donating funds, hiring labors, building industry and the training base.^[]

(2)Diversified poverty alleviation strategies

The Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction brings together diverse agencies such as the democratic parties, government departments, enterprises, international and domestic non-governmental organizations, etc. Different agencies adopt diverse poverty alleviation and development strategies according to their own features. For example, since 1986, Impoverished Area Economic Development Leading Group of the State Council has mobilized party and government organs to select cadres to support the the poor countryside. Conditions require that “all the ministries and commissions shall send cadres further into a piece of poor area who would residing permanently in turn and focuse on the link and help for the region.”^[] “Cadres to the countryside” not only enhance the flesh-and-blood relation between the party and the masses of the people, but also substantially promote the development of poverty alleviation and development work. On the one hand, it has promoted economic development in poverty stricken regions through direct investment and policy support. On the other hand, it has helped exercise talent, training cadres for grassroots.^[] Taking Poverty alleviation by enterprise as an example, in 1991, the birth of Hainan Sunshine Industrial Trade Development Corporation which is the first enterprise for the purpose of poverty alleviation, creating the new road of poverty alleviation by enterprise. Following the guidelines for poverty alleviation “Taking aiding the poor with science and technology as the means, the purpose is to become rich by developing industry”, under the condition of market economy, enterprises combine their own development with poverty alleviation work effectively. Through cooperation with poor villages and towns, they develop industries, taking advantage of the labors and resources in the poor areas. As a result, taxes and profits return to villages and towns, thus increasing local fiscal revenue. Poor peasant households obtain valuable non-farm income.^[] In the process of the Seven-Year Program to Help 80 Million People out of Poverty and the first Outline for Poverty Alleviation and Development of China's Rural Areas, the form of poverty alleviation by enterprise has been Continuously improved, and the poverty alleviation modes of “company + leading enterprise + peasant household” and “company + farmer professional cooperative + peasant household” have obtained great performance of poverty reduction. Reviewing the the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction work of more than 20 years, we can find that the form of the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction is diverse. For example, supporting the frontier regions in intelligence, the Project Hope guang cai shi ye(光彩事业), the Culture Poverty Alleviation, the Poverty Alleviation Lali(拉力) Plan, Chun Lei(春蕾) Plan, the Love of Humanity Project, the Happiness Project, Agricultural Science and Technology into Each Household Demonstration Project, “Shuang xue Zhuang bi”(双学双比) Campaign, Women's Poverty Alleviation and so on, all these poverty alleviation activities produce good social effects.^[]Compared with poverty reduction by government agency, the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction is more diversified on the available resources and poverty alleviation mode. In the future, it is expected to form a more effective response to diverse poverty problems by activating vitality in the field of the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction, improving and consolidating the strong pattern of “great poverty alleviation”.

 

（3）The notion of sustainable development and poverty reduction

The understanding of poverty in the human society is deepening constantly. Accordingly, the means of poverty alleviation and development are also constantly updating. Looking back at the history of the past more than 20 years, it is not hard to find, one of the basic experience of the poverty alleviation and development road with Chinese characteristics to succeed is to constantly improve our understanding of poverty in practice and adjust the existing poverty alleviation policy system and ways of working pointedly. The poverty reduction field is one of the important power of poverty alleviation idea and pattern innovation, especially with the continuously explorations of relevant international agencies and social organizations, . For example, international institutions introduced a lot of development experience and poverty-alleviation model proved to be effective in other countries into China, which are gradually absorbed into the overall plan of China's national poverty reduction. As some scholars pointed out that “the influence of international exchange and cooperation in the field of poverty alleviation and development for China's poverty alleviation and development policy and mode intensely displays in several aspects:multi-sectorial comprehensive poverty alleviation, participatory poverty alleviating planning at village level, unified planning and phased implementation, setting up scientific poverty statistics and monitoring system, etc. After continuous practice of international cooperation in poverty alleviation projects between international institutions such as the World Bank and Chinese government, these effective ideas and methods for poverty alleviation are gradually fully adopted in the later poverty reduction strategies and policies of the Chinese government and popularized to the whole country. For instance, in the Outline for Poverty Alleviation and Development of China's Rural Areas (2001-2010), comprehensive development and all-round development is viewed as a basic guideline of rural poverty alleviation and development in the new period.”^[]

It is no doubt that the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction will be the most potential field in future poverty reduction and development work. After entering the new millennium, the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction power in working continues to grow. The statistical data which research group got from Leading Group Office of Poverty Alleviation and Development of the State Council shows that there are totally 310 Parties and Groups, including Chinese Communist Party and Government Organs, Democratic parties, Social Groups and Large state-owned enterprises, participating in the working of helping 592 Key counties from 2012 to 2013.^[] From 2002 to 2013, our country invested 14.61 billion funds and materials and 4771 cadres sending to the key countries, and imported the total introduction of capital up to ￥53.379 billion. The 18 provinces from east took counterpart cooperation to 10 provinces and areas. From 2003 to 2013, the non-reimbursable assistance from the all levels of governments of east up to 7.344 billion. Enterprises invested about￥912.277 billion, and totally absorbed ￥2.91733 billion employees. Besides that, non-public sectors of the economy participate in poverty alleviation, bring non-government organization into full play their initiatives in poverty relief and development. At the same time, our country cooperates with related international organization and bilateral agencies and non-governmental organizations at home and abroad to implement all kind of poverty relief program and poverty reduction communication. According to incomplete statistics, the all kind of funds that our poverty alleviation field utilized is up to ￥560 million.^[] In addition, as the most potential field, the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction is not only development with the development of marketing economic and social organization, our country but also take most responsibility for poverty alleviation in past program, although we have reached a lot of achievements, it just paid more attention to government itself which was hard to establish vibrant environment to respond the reality of “multi-dimensional poverty”. As the energy of the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction being motivated, the collaborative governance pattern of state, market and society will be able to better service to the crucial cause for poverty alleviation in the new period.

II The theoretical basis of The Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction

The basic theories support of the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction is the theory of social governance. The Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction is to guide the reduction with social governance theory and ideas, which can be understood as “the social governance of poverty”. “The Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction” mainly includes sited-support poverty reduction, aid-and-collaboration relationship between the East and West, the army and the armed police force poverty reduction, the enterprise poverty reduction, international poverty reduction, Non-governmental sectors' participating in poverty reduction, and so on. So it can be seen that the generalized the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction, which not only covers a wider social subject, but also reflects the characteristics of China’s socialist road of poverty reduction.

1. Poverty governance and national governance system construction

The national governance system is a series of systems and procedures to regulate the operation and maintenance of public order, including the administrative system, economic system and social system. Originally floated by the Third Plenary Session of the Sixteenth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in 2003, social construction and management should bring in the Five Overall Planning. 2007, the Seventeenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China proposed to build the new structure of social management comprising Party committee leadership, government responsibility, nongovernmental support and public participation. The Third Plenary Session of the Eighteenth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in 2013 for the first time request to innovate the social management system. Analysis of the above policy changes clues it is not difficult to find in 10 years, the idea of running the country by the control steering management. The Governance System gets rid of the inherent doctrine, emphasizing the subject of diversity, people, social organizations are participants in governance.

The inherent requirement of the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction is consistent with social governance. The Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction brings a diverse operative subjects together, such as the democratic parties, government departments, enterprises, international institutions and non-governmental organizations, according to their own characteristics, different subjects use a variety of poverty reduction and development strategies.

2. Governance theory applying to poverty reduction

Poverty governance foremost subject is not a single government subject, but it should be the government, market organizations, social organizations, people multi-agents collaboration. This is one of the central concepts of social governance used in the area of poverty governance to be formed. Socialization of poverty governance has at least three aspects of revelation to our country’s anti-poverty:

(1)Reviewing poverty governance from the perspective of history

The poverty governance career is the business of the whole country’s balanced development, many problems of the poverty reduction practicing should be designed by standing on "dominant country has long-term development vision". Firstly, the poverty governance cannot just be the country (government) should do, the multi-agents strove to cooperate with each other can do better achieve results. Secondly, the poverty governance should be thought and designed in the construction of basic thinking on the whole country’s balanced development, and long-term and in-deep deal with the relationships of regional development and poverty alleviation, local poverty and different palaces’ poverty alleviation, handle the relationship of mainly increasing the revenue vulnerable groups and mainly improve their abilities, and the relationship between urbanization and poverty and so on. Thirdly, the planning and design of the poverty should not be short and professional, but should be long and integral.

(2)Reviewing poverty reduction from the perspective of social capital

In the multidimensional poverty situation, it is necessary to participate and interact with multi-dimensional capital (physical capital, human capital, social capital) and operate integrated implementation of several projects to promote the development of the poverty reduction career. Firstly, We can continue the existing models such as targeted poverty alleviation, profession poverty and so on in the multi-agents’ participation, in addition, it is necessary to strengthen or create mechanisms of financial poverty reduction, social enterprises to participate poverty reduction and so on. Secondly, during the building of Poverty subjective ability, we need to strengthen the ability of poverty alleviation decision-making, the ability of management, execution capabilities and feasible capacity of poverty communities and the poor. Thirdly, it would be strengthened the cooperation between international and domestic in order to construct multivariate poverty governance subjects.

(3) Reviewing poverty reduction from the perspective of multi-agents theory

Firstly, poverty governance subjects should not only be the single government, but also be the network structure including government, market organizations, social organizations, multi-agents collaboration. Secondly, poverty governance process obtains multi-agents’ resources investment and mutual consultation. Thirdly, the overall effect of poverty governance is reduction of poverty population and reduction of poverty levels, increasing the balance degree of social. Emphasizing on cooperation between all relevant interest subjects, constructing the sustainable anti-poverty mechanism from the institutional level, which are not only beneficial to the eliminate income poverty, but also beneficial for poor farmers to deeper out of poverty from the ability, cooperation mechanisms, governance structure even beneficial to construct coordinated and sustainable development institutional infrastructure of social, economic, political and other aspects in poor areas. In other words, the poverty social governance includes government govern poverty, as well as a variety of other social subjects participation in governance.

3. The tactics of social governance poverty

From the social capital perspective, it can be divided into three categories: material capital, human capital and social capital. There is different from these three parts, the focuses of every stage are not the same. The socialization of poverty governance needs both the accumulation of social capital and development strategy with self-pull and out-push. That is to say,the backward areas and vulnerable groups should effort by themselves and accept the input resources to out of poverty.

 

(1)Pay more attention to the construction of social capital

In the different stage of counter-poverty work, the core content is continuously improving, from material capital to human capital, then to social capital, it makes the social governance of poverty imperative. From the development stage of one country, counter-poverty work in different stage pay attention to different kinds of capital. From the perspective of capital accumulation, if a country were in low income phase, it would paid attention to material capital. if it become a middle income country, that would paid attention to material capital and began to keep a watchful eye on human capital; And if this country finally become a higher income country, it would also paid attention to material capital and human capital, and started to keep a watchful eye on social capital. In those three kinds of capital, social capital can promote the construction of material capital and human capital. Especially in a country of high income, the government would to pay attention to social environment, social structure, social function and social network construction,rely on the construction of family relationship and social relationship to improve the living environment and institutional environment of the disadvantaged groups, and finally to increase the social resources of the disadvantaged, help them to integrate into society and participate in the development of society. From the above statements we can find that, on the one hand, the construction of social capital is not dispensable, it is a more advanced choice of poverty governance, and the society governance of poverty is an important way of constructing social capital,on the other hand, poor population in different stage of development must be discriminatory when choosing and combining policies. For example, population and areas most in need are material capital to ensure the basic life in absolute poverty , then,to increase the human capital and constructing social capital (especially lengthwise).For poor population and areas in the stage of relative poverty, the increasing of human capital and constructing social capital become important realistic significance when material capital was not a problem.

(2)Focus on development mode that combine the interior and the exterior

The mode of poverty governance can be self-dependent and also exogenous, people always combine the two in practice.The basic process of poverty governance that changed gradually is developed areas and rice people provide all kinds of resource for poor areas and people, those resources are manpower resources, material resources, financial resources, intellectual resources, system resources and so on; Structure transformation lies in the backward areas and vulnerable groups, that means people in those areas should unify their own and resources to overcome poverty. The reduction of poor population and the decrease of poverty are positive effects for the whole society.which can feedback to the developed areas and rich groups. From the changed mode we know that developed areas and rich people would like to input resources to poor areas and people, including regulation and orderly participation and benign interaction of concerning subjects. for example, the better about the condition of the sited-support poverty reduction,and other ministries efforts for poverty reduction,the more resources can be output.

III The practice of The Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction

1. The major models 

The the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction at this stage mainly includes the six models,  sited-support poverty reduction, aid-and-collaboration relationship between the East and West, the poverty reduction of the army and armed police force, other ministries efforts for poverty reduction, Non-governmental sectors' participating in poverty reduction.

(1)Sited-support poverty reduction

The sited-support poverty reduction designated by the state include all divisions and units of the central and state organs, people's organizations, institution with reference to the management of civil servant law, large state-owned backbone enterprises, state-owned financial institutions, the democratic parties and China Federations of Industry, the national key scientific research institutions, etc. They set up pairing support relations with these key counties for poverty alleviation. These units participating in sited-support poverty reduction have taken diversified measures to carry out the sited-support support for many years: temporary cadre, the infrastructure construction, industrialization poverty alleviation, the training and export of labor, the cultural and educational poverty alleviation, the science and technology poverty alleviation, the investment for poverty alleviation, ecological construction for poverty alleviation, medical care for poverty alleviation, delivering warmth by providing disaster relief .

From the practice of the Whole society efforts to poverty reduction in nearly 30 years, the sited-support poverty reduction and aid-and-collaboration relationship between the East and West played the largest role in the poverty alleviation. By the end of 2012, The units participating in sited-support poverty reduction has reached 310, which increased 76 than the implementation stage of "the Outline for Poverty Alleviation and Development of China's Rural Areas  (2001-2010)", the sited-support poverty reduction firstly covered up 592 key counties .The Centers of China's democratic parties and All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce (ACFIC )actively play their advantages of human resources, capital mobilization and information knowledge, etc.

(2)The aid-and-cooperation relationship between East-West

Since 1996, the Chinese government has decided to arrange 15 developed provinces and municipalities in eastern coastal areas to enter into cooperation with 11 western provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) to support the poverty reduction.The diversified aid-and-cooperation relationship between East-West formed the basic frame of work, which mainly included the government assistance, enterprise cooperation, social support, and talent support. From 2003 to 2010, there were 2592 eastern cadres taking a temporary post in western region and the temporary cadres from west to the east up to 3610. The eastern region provided the western region 4.44  billion Yuan form government assistance, 5684 cooperation enterprises, 249.76 billion Yuan actual investment and 1.42 billion Yuan social donation, and cultivated 226,000 professional and technical personnel, organized labor export 4.672 million.

(3)The poverty reduction action by the PLA and armed police force

For a decade, according to the national and local poverty alleviation and development planning, the army and armed police forces take their advantages and actively participate in the implementation of sited-support poverty reduction and the village-based poverty reduction. They support construction of irrigation and water conservation, country roads, small watershed management and other types of agricultural and rural infrastructure construction. They also make donation for education and provide technology services and medical support. According to the statistics, from 2001 to 2010, the sited-support poverty reduction work was carried out in the 47 key counties, 215 towns, and 1470 Poor villages. There are 26000 anti-poverty linkages and 2500 new countryside construction linkages established, which has helped 2.1 million people out of poverty. They support more than 100,000 small-scale engineering constructions of irrigation, water conservation, country roads and small watershed management, etc. They had Drilled 1119 wells for people and planted 35.61 million mu trees. At the same time, they established more than 240 science and technology demonstration sites. They supported the development of more than 73000 locality superiority characteristic industries, trained and transferred more than 6 million labors. They built more than 1600 schools, funding more than 210,000 poor students. They set up pairing support relations with 130 county-level hospitals of key counties and 1283 health centers of villages and towns, training and helping more than 85000 medical staffs, donating more than 5900 sets of medical equipments, providing more than 6.1 million free medical services for the poor.

(4)non-governmental sectors' participating in poverty reduction

In view of the requirement of the special difficult areas and people out of poverty to get rich, they support industry development, infrastructure construction, education and health, ecological environment construction and improve the production and living conditions, by various forms such as sited-support support, pairing support, specialized institutions for poverty alleviation and specific activities for poverty alleviation. All kinds of organizations effectively mobilize a man of insight who has professional technology and committed to poverty alleviation and other public welfare undertakings. Meanwhile they actively carry out the volunteer activities to help poor people out of poverty to get rich. Private enterprises actively fulfill the social responsibility and participate in poverty alleviation and development through donating funds, hiring labors, building industry and the training base. Remarkably, along with the social development in our country, social organizations plays a more and more important role in poverty alleviation and development. In the mid-80's of 20th century, there were some social organizations active in the field of anti-poverty. Driven by the Seven-Year Priority Poverty Alleviation Program in the 90s, domestic and foreign NGO have carried out some poverty alleviation activities in depth and breadth. According to statistics, the resources mobilized by social organization from 1993 to 2000 have reached to 50 billion Yuan, accounting for 28% of the total social funding for poverty alleviation. Since the turn of the millennium, all kinds of social organizations actively promote the anti-poverty career development of our country, through direct delivery of resources, experience sharing, policy advocacy and some other ways. From the introduction to the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction work on “New Progress in Development-oriented Poverty Reduction Program for Rural China”, we can see that in the past decades the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction of China has obtained fast development, and it has become one of the important engine of the development of poor areas and poverty alleviation and development work. However, it must be admitted that the potential in the field of the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction is not released sufficiently. At the new stage of poverty alleviation and development work, it needs to release the potential through continuous innovation of system and mechanism.

2. The Major Achievements 

After sixty years of practice of anti-poverty, China has stepped out a road of poverty reduction with Chinese characteristics. Among them, specialized institutions for poverty alleviation, other ministries efforts for poverty reduction and the whole-society efforts to poverty reduction has formed a "Trinity" of the great poverty reduction and development pattern that made great contribution in the field of poverty alleviation and development. The Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction is one of the "three carriages" and plays an irreplaceable role in the government's poverty reduction. Over these years，the sited-support poverty reduction which were carried out nationwide by parties and government offices, the people's army, enterprises and institutions, the aid-and-collaboration relationship between the East and West carried out by 15 provinces and cities in the east and 10 provinces and cities in the west, and the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction carried out by private enterprises, social organizations and individuals, have achieved remarkable results. The whole society efforts to poverty reduction has become the most potential and the most dynamic part of the anti-poverty development work.

(1)The increasing consciousness

In China, the earliest institutions to participate in social activities are the government departments that contact more with the countryside and have capacity of strong resource mobilization. With the deepening of reform and opening up, more and more NGO and international institutions have participated in the whole society efforts to poverty reduction. Although the sited-support poverty reduction and counterpart cooperation by the government are still the main bodies of the whole society efforts to poverty reduction, the understanding of all sectors of society to the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction is more and more profound. Especially in the 21st century, the number of social organizations, enterprises and individuals participating in the poverty reduction is increasing, and the field of participating in poverty reduction is more and more widely. the social public's concept of the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction has more acceptance and recognition. Today the material life is increasingly rich, people's living standards gradually improved. Under the premise of not paying for material, more social forces are willing to contribute personal time and energy. They bear the social responsibility of social progress and social welfare services to promote human development. We can say that the acceptance and participation of the social public in the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction reflects the progress of Chinese social civilization. In addition, the awareness of the whole-society efforts to poverty reduction of the poverty objects is also increasing. After decades of practice, the basic level officials and the poor people has a strong interest in the value idea of the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction and operation mode. The concept of poverty reduction is increasingly enhanced and  provides the conditions for the further development of the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction.

 

(2)A preliminary framework

The concept of the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction is founded at the stage of  the institutional poverty reduction in 1978, while the whole-society efforts to poverty reduction on the practical significance is the form of sited-support poverty reduction in 1980s. In 1990s, the main feature of the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction is aid-and-collaboration relationship between the East and West. Actually, the strength of the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction remains a weak proportion of all the participants. At the stage of the implement of “the Outline for Poverty Alleviation and Development of China's Rural Areas (2001-2010)”, enterprises played the lead role of the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction, while in the next ten years, poverty reduction policy mostly motivated by innovation, poverty relief office will encourage the participation of civilian forces. Through decades of progress, a comparatively mature pattern of the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction has been preliminary formed. As to the subjects, authority institutions, private enterprises, social organizations, the cadres and workers and the social public have become into the main power in the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction. As to the form, the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction mainly comprises of  sited-support, counterpart support, pairing support and social assistance; As to the area, the main focus lies in supporting the development of the industry,  infrastructure, education and health, improving production and living conditions, carrying out ecological environment construction. As to the organization form, it gradully comes into being the situation that the government leads, organizes and mobilizes social power into the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction and working in cooperation. As it can be seen, in 30 years of poverty reduction practice, a comparatively stable pattern of the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction has been formed.

 

(3)Fruitful effect

The government efforts for poverty reduction belongs to the second distribution, and the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction belongs to the third distribution, both indispensable. Else, in the view of development tendency, with the soaring of economic and civil income, there are more and more people who are capable and willing to donate for poverty reduction, the influence of the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction belonging to the third allocation is increasing. Among the patterns of the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction, sited-support poverty reduction and aid-and-collaboration relationship between the East and West have remarkable effect. Until the end of 2012, the central committee units participating in sited-support poverty reduction are as many as 310, 76 more than the last Compendium era, and the sited-support poverty reduction achieved full coverage of 592 key counties for the first time. In the meanwhile, the strength of aid-and-collaboration relationship between the East and West is increasing more. East provinces and cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin and Zhejiang have reinforced strength of financial aid to west collaboration counterpart provinces such as Inner Mongolia, Yunnan, Gansu and Sichuan. Cooperating with the national development and reform commission, a new  counterpart cooperation of Shanghai, Suzhou, Hangzhou and Guangzhou to Guizhou is formed. Statistically, form 1996 to 2010, the east parts had donated 7.86 billion Yuan to the west via all kinds of Ways and channels for free, led the enterprises  investment 697.27 billion Yuan, and organized 2.65 million workforce output. What’s more, the east has conducted numerical poverty reduction programs, including schools, Roads, water conservancy and farmland, etc., and dispatched tens of thousands of temporary cadres for poverty reduction, various professional and technical personnel and volunteers, supporting the west to foster grand local management and technical personnel. In this way, the east made important contribution to accelerating the process of poverty reduction of the western poverty-stricken areas, promoting the Western Development, promoting the regional harmonious development, achieving the goal that all the people were able to enjoy the achievement of reform and development. Else, the poverty reduction powers of private enterprises, social organizations and individual citizens are growing.

IV. Problem and challenge 

1. The main problems

Over the past two decades, the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction in the process of continuous development has indeed made some achievements, but some problems have begun to emerge.

(1)Administrative mobilization is still the main method of work

Over the past two decades, the field of the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction in the process of continuous development has indeed created some institutionalized and regularized mechanisms. For example, role-play-cadre system,  sited-support poverty reduction. But in the empirical observation, we often find that some actors do not recognize the important significance of the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction, just out of the pressure of political assessment. In the period of powerful administrative mobilization, the relevant enterprises and government agencies had a breakthrough in the field of the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction. While in the period of weak mobilization, relevant works are often  unsatisfactory. In addition, the potential of sited-support and cadres support yet need to be excavated. What we should expect is not the one-time delivery of resources, warmth, but to establish direct channels to connect the decision-making layer with grassroots poor communities and poverty farmers through the forms of sited-support and role-play-cadres. So that the fact of grassroots can be transmitted to the process of policy formation forming, thus affecting the decision.

(2)The mechanism of each sector to work together has not been established effectively

Undoubtedly, the field of the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction, bring together a variety of resources such as capital, technology, services, etc, which are indispensable for the development of poor areas. The works of the main body are relatively loose, resulting that the use of resources can not form resultant force. There are many reasons of poverty in the new period. The management of poverty needs the help of comprehensive aid means. Only concerted efforts can we get the effect of "one plus one is greater than two". In view of this, we need to create more creative ways to integrate social resources in the field of the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction,  and orderly advance the poverty alleviation and development work through coordinated actions.

(3) Construction of the institutional environment is still relatively lagging behind

From international experience in poverty reduction, NGO plays an important role in poverty alleviation and development work. NGO has its own unique advantages on addressing the problems of poverty. In general, NGO and their projects are focused more on the services for specific areas and specific people, so their works are more targeted and can borrow more professional approaches. This makes it possible to complement to the national policy concerning of universal issues, so as to establish a combination of inclusive policies and special care system, an effective response to the problem of poverty. Seeing from the development of NGO in China, particularly the present situation of NGO participating in the work of poverty alleviation and development, its role is still severely limited. For example, some NGOs, which are devoted to the poverty reduction but unable to meet the demands of “measures for the management of social organizations” to concern the office space and registered capital, are difficult to obtain legal status, leading to the activities lack of guidance. The development of organizations are greatly restricted.

2. The main challenge

With the implementation of the Outline for Poverty Alleviation in the new period, party committees and governments at all levels attach great importance to poverty reduction and development work. “the Outline for Poverty Alleviation and Development of China's Rural Areas(2011-2020) have clear requirements that "Party committees and governments at all levels should further raise the awareness of poverty reduction and development and the sense of urgency and self-consciousness for poverty alleviation and development work, strengthen the leadership and the responsibility, adhere to the development-oriented poverty reduction policies and measures, and resolutely fight a great battle for the new round of poverty reduction and development. At the same time, the Outline for Poverty Alleviation provide guidance for the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction the new stage, that further strengthening the sited-support poverty reduction, aid-and-collaboration relationship between the East and West, mobilizing the PLA and armed police, the enterprises and the whole society to participate in poverty reduction. The great attention paied by the state on poverty alleviation and development work provided directions and power for the further development of social poverty alleviation.At the same time, the situation of poverty alleviation and development at the new stage has brought huge challenges for poverty alleviation.

 

(1)Increasing pressures

In 2011, the raise of China's poverty reduction standard triggered a significant change in the task of poverty reduction. In that year, the Central Committee of the Central Committee for poverty alleviation proposed a new poverty alleviation standard of 2300 Yuan per capital. The up regulation of poverty reduction standard is the inevitable requirement of building a well-off society in China, and also an important measure to meet the requirements of the international society for poverty reduction and development. The up regulation of poverty reduction standard leads to a large increase in the poverty population of our country. According to the new standard of poverty alleviation, until the end of 2013, impoverished population of our country are still 82.49 million. The poverty incidence of 6 provinces (zones) with higher percentage of ethnic minority are more than 20% ,such as Tibet, the province of Gansu, Guizhou, Xinjiang, Yunnan and Qinghai. In addition, China is still a developing country, Its regional and urban-rural development is very unbalanced,  and the problem is still quite prominent. The deep contradictions restricting the development of the poor areas still exist. At present, China's surplus rural poor population is mainly distributed in areas with poor natural conditions,  imperfect infrastructure, weak income industry and backward culture. And the distribution of poverty population is more dispersed, increasing the difficulty of poverty alleviation. Thus it can be seen that China’s poverty is still very serious at the present stage.  The severe poverty situation not only requires the government to put more investment in poverty, but also to increase investment in the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction, and to enhance the effectiveness of the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction and development.

 

(2)Increasing difficulties

In November 2012, the 18th CPC National Congress was opened.the party's eighteen largest, the eighteen central leadership collective led by the general secretary Xi Jinping, made new deployment of building a well-off society in an all-round way from the strategic and overall situation. General secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no well-off rural areas, especially in poor areas, there is no comprehensive well-off society" .The strategic target of building moderately prosperous society proposed higher requirements for the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction to look for innovation and breakthrough. As an important part of the big pattern of eduction poverty, the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction poverty bears unshakable responsibility on building moderately prosperous society. On the one hand, the time of building moderately prosperous society is tight, and the task is heavy, thus needing the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction to play a more important role. On the other hand, building moderately prosperous society means the overall development of the poor people. The advantages of the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction on meeting the diverse needs of the poor areas and poor population, decides that it should take more responsibility and play a more important role in poverty reduction and development. It is a new challenge for the society to further innovate the way of the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction and to provide services in the respects of the economic development, the social development and the development of human.

 

(3)We need to innovate existing mechanism

On November 12, 2013, the third Central Committee of the Communist Party of China adopted the Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Some Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening Reform. The Decision pointed out "The overall goal of deepening the reform comprehensively is to improve and develop socialism with Chinese characteristics, and to promote the modernization of the national governance system and capacity.", " We must make sure that the vigor of labor, knowledge, technology, managerial expertise and capital keeps bursting forth, all the wealth-creating sources fully flow, and that the fruits of development benefit all people still more and equally. ""We must deepen economic system reform by centering on the decisive role of the market in allocating resources"And" " economic system reform is the focus of deepening the reform comprehensively. The underlying issue is how to strike a balance between the role of the government and that of the market, and let the market play the decisive role in allocating resources and let the government play its functions better." On December 18, 2013, the general office of the CPC Central Committee, general office of the State Council issued "Opinion on the Innovating Mechanism to advance rural poverty alleviation and development work". It pointed out that the "In the current and future  period, poverty reduction and development work should further emancipate the mind, explore new ideas, deepen the reform, innovate mechanism, and center on decisive role of the market in allocating resources and better role of the government. It also should mobiliz social forces more extensively and more effectively, promoting the construction for the large pattern of poverty reduction and development that the government, market and society collaborating to promote,. In the nationwide we can integrate resources of poverty reduction and development and form the composition of forces". “Decision” and “Opinions” together point that main-body of the Whole-society plays a more important role in national governance and poverty reduction and development. Thus, the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction is “one pole” in the “three pole”of the big pattern of poverty reduction by government, market, social collaborating to promote. It also needs to innovate the development when deepening the reform. In the new period, the strategic thought of the poverty reduction and development views itself as a matter of concern that is important for our party and national political direction, the basic system and the development road. Poverty reduction and development is raised to a new strategic height, related to social stability and long-term stability of the country.Another important challenge of the present poverty reduction and development is how to innovate and develop social poverty reduction and make contribution to deepening reform，the modernization of national governance system, and the construction of the big poverty alleviation pattern promoted by the government，market and society collaboratively.To promote the innovation of social work and effects of the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction in promoting the economic and social development, is a problem that needs serious consideration.

Overall, the new situation faced at the present stage of poverty alleviation and development has brought great challenges to the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction. In the face of the complex poverty situation, the strategic goal of building a well-off society in an all round way, and the need to comprehensively deepen reform, only by the innovation and development, can the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction play its due role in the big pattern of poverty reduction by government, market, social collaborating to promote. How to do a good job of he Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction and give full play of their potential and function, is a great article with strategic significance.

V. The future trends

“The Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction” plays an important role with the further advance of poverty reduction of our country. Poverty reduction is not only the duty of the government, but also the responsibility that requires the attention of the whole world. However, the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction is still in the process of continuous exploration, the new era of poverty reduction attaches more impressive connotation to the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction and determines the future direction .

1. Broaden the multiple subjects

Currently, the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction mainly includes sited-support poverty reduction, aid-and-collaboration relationship between the East and West, the poverty reduction by the army and armed police force, other ministries efforts for poverty reduction, Non-governmental sectors' participating in poverty reduction. Seen from the subject of the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction, the sited-support poverty reduction mainly includes all units and departments of the central and state organs, people groups, the institutions that are managed based on the civil service law, the large state-owned key enterprises, state-controlled financial institutions, the democratic parties and the National Federation, national key scientific research institutions and so on; aid-and-collaboration relationship between the East and West mainly includes part-time poverty reduction agencies and departments; besides, army and armed forces, private enterprises, social organizations and general public are the important subjects of the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction. The current scope of the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction subject is wide, but to be summed up, one is the government involvement and the other one is society involvement. Seen from the effect of the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction, the government power is relatively prominent but the use and strength of the real social subject haven’t been fully exerted. The innovation of the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction firstly requires the expansion of it subject, the socialized tendency of the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction will be more obvious. This tendency is mainly manifested in two aspects:

Firstly, socialization of poverty reduction subject. The society will occupy a major position in the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction while government forces only play a guider or demonstration role. We will set up the great poverty reduction pattern obtained government, market and social collaboration at the new stage, which clears the importance of social subjects in the the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction. The new stage of poverty reduction and development will pay more attention to mobilize and guide the social subjects to participate in, promote the concept of universal participation in, make more and more people recognize the importance and great responsibility to participate in poverty reduction and development. In a sense, the government-led poverty reduction will develop into the government-guide poverty reduction. It’s obvious that the new stage of the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction will lay more emphasis on the role of social subjects in poverty reduction and development;

Secondly, broaden participation of poor groups. Traditional the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction is more like social assistance,which reflects the poverty reduction character of “blood transfusion” type. It has restricted the effect of social poverty reduction because the poverty’s participation, initiative and enthusiasm are not reflected enough in the process of poverty reduction and development.Poverty reduction and development of new stage lay more emphasis on poor areas and poor people’s endogenous development. "China rural poverty reduction and development outline (2011-2020)" stressed to "pay more attention to enhance the poverty’s self-development capabilities", "Solid progress on innovative mechanisms for rural poverty alleviation and development work of opinions" also pointed out that the poor and poor areas to "enhance the vitality and development of endogenous motivation." It can be seen that in the new era of the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction, participatory development of the poor would be the issue of the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction which needs much consideration, the poor would be more involved in . Overall, it will show more socialize tendency.

2. Established normalization mechanism

The Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction is often seen as complementary for government poverty reduction, in a sense, it is a manifestation of remaining poverty reduction which aimed at the poor and the poor area. Even seen from the view of the concept definition, the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction lack the recognition of official and synchronicity concept, rather than be seen the general term for other forms of poverty reduction beyond the government special poverty alleviation and poverty reduction industry. The importance of the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction has not been fully reflected yet. It has not risen to the level of poverty reduction strategies whether the capital investment, policy efforts to protect poverty reduction organization or management. We can say that Chinese thirty years of poverty reduction and development has been mainly government poverty reduction, and the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction is just a supplement, it does not reflect its rightful place, also did not play its due role. The Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction in the past mainly reflected the characteristics of emergency, temporary and stage, the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction shows greater efforts especially when the poor area suffered a terrible natural disaster. It can be seen that the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction in the past is not a normal way of poverty reduction. The new stage of the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction will play a more important role as an important part of great poverty reduction pattern of government, market, social coordination. The CPC Central Committee and State Council issued "on innovative mechanisms to effectively promote rural poverty reduction and development work" clearly proposed to "build the government, market, social collaboration to promote poverty reduction and development of a large pattern. “On December 18th, 2013. So, the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction will rise to the strategic level to be comprehensively promoted and it will become a way of poverty reduction as important as with the government poverty reduction. This means that the in the process of social innovation and development in poverty reduction, the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction will serve as a normal way of poverty reduction persist, but also will become the routine work of government at all levels to lead and promote poverty reduction.

3. Standardize the process of institutionalization

The traditional the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction is a kind of residual type of poverty reduction. In contrast with the government poverty reduction, the importance of the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction is not fully recognized, but also has not formed a set of effective operational norms. Thus, in the thirty years practice of the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction, although we achieved remarkable results, but the accompanying problem is endless. It can be said that the social poverty has not formed a perfect operating mechanism, such as the mobilization mechanism, participation mechanism, coordination mechanism, integration mechanism, incentive mechanism, assessment mechanism, etc. The Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction is still not perfect,is still in the exploratory stage. From the point of view of existing social practice of poverty reduction, each district’s social reduction is different with others and has various format, some poverty reduction mode such as district limited poverty reduction, east-west cooperation poverty reduction has a very serious problem of formalism, social forces such as social organizations, private enterprises and the public participation in poverty reduction also lack scientific guide and standardize. The main reason of social chaos in the poverty reduction is the lack of specification. At present, the the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction planning, policy, system, etc. are not yet formed, the normative document of the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction is still in a blank state. Although the state has issued a variety of policies in the process of poverty reduction and development, but the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction just be the referred as a part of subject. As a necessary supplement to the government's poverty reduction, the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction plays an important role, and has its irreplaceable advantage. In the new stage of poverty reduction development, poverty reduction and development needs to invest more strength, and as an important step in the poverty reduction pattern of government, market and society collaborative propulsion, the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction must should be given more attention. How to make the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction in the new stage of poverty reduction give a full play of its important function, we must promote the standardization operation of the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction. Cannot let the social poverty continue to play the remaining role in poverty reduction, cannot let the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction only rely on a moment of enthusiasm social forces to promote. Therefore, it can be concluded that the new stage’s development of the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction will be in the direction of standardization. "On the suggestion of innovative mechanisms to promote rural poverty reduction and development work", requires that “establish and improve the poverty reduction and development system which a wide range of social forces to participate in. To give full play to the leading role of the district limited of poverty reduction and west-east cooperation in the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction. Support the Democratic Party Central Committee, the National Federation of Industry and Commerce, Independents to participate in poverty reduction and development. Encourage and guide all kinds of enterprises, social organizations and individuals participate in poverty reduction and development in a variety of forms. To establish the information exchange and sharing platform, to format the effective coordination and cooperation mechanisms and regulatory mechanisms. Comprehensive implementation of the pretax deduction in the donation of corporate poverty reduction, and various types of related support policies in the investment of market players to the poor areas". Can be seen that the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction is starting from the institutional level to provide normative support for its operations, which will be a focus of the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction work in the future for a period of time.

4.Promoting the strategic position

At present, China's poverty reduction and development has been transferred from the stage which emphasize ensure people’s food and clothing as the main task to a new stage, which emphasize consolidate the achievement of food and clothing, speedup get rid of the poverty and achieve prosperity, improve the ecological environment, improve the development capacity, and reduce the gap of development. At present, the poverty reduction and development is facing the strategic background of fully completed building a well-off society in 2020 and promoting the modernization of the national governance system in our country at the same time. The Party's 18th established the grand goal of fully completed building a well-off society, and emphasized that we must to promote the development of rural poverty reduction deeper. Xi Jinping, the general secretary pointed out that “If there is no rural well-off, especially the lack of well-off in poor areas, there will no comprehensive construction of a well-off society". Through the Central Committee of the CPC Central Committee on deepening reform, “the overall goal of comprehensive deepening reform is to improve and develop the socialist system with Chinese characteristics, promote the modernization of national governance system and governance capacity”, “adhere to the systemic governance, strengthen the leadership of party, play a leading role of government, encourage and support social participation, achieve the positive interaction of government governance, social self-regulation and resident self-governance". In the new historical starting point, we must standing on the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction whtch build a great poverty reduction pattern that makes the government, market and society together to think,and it is also an important part of national governance system.Promoting poverty reduction and development as important as the implementation of Chinese characteristics socialism , the long-term stability of the country, and the realization of "China dream". Thus, the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction of new stage has risen to the level of national strategic development. The innovation and development of the Whole-society efforts to poverty reduction will make an important contribution to fully completed building a well-off society and promoting the modernization of the national governance system.

The main members of the team:

Xiang Deping , Li Xueping, Xu Xiaojun , Chen Qi, Lv Fang, Cheng Ling, Liu Jie, Gu Yonghong, Gao Fei, Su Hai, Hu Zhenguang,zhou jin,liu xin,liu feng,zuo lulu.

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