Special Poverty Alleviation - Key Work

　　【Development of the "Outline for Poverty Alleviation and Development of China’s Rural Areas (2011-2020) "】

　　In February 2010, the 101st executive meeting of the State Council listened to the report on poverty alleviation and development and approved the development of the program for poverty alleviation and development in the next decade. As a result, poverty alleviation and development entered a new stage. According to the requirements of the Fifth Plenum of the 17th CPC Central Committee, during the "12th Five-Year Plan" period, we must "further promote the development-oriented poverty reduction, gradually enhance the poverty alleviation standards and increase investment in poverty reduction to accelerate the process for addressing poverty problem in contiguous poor areas with special difficulties."

　　After the Spring Festival in 2010, LGOP began to organize the preparation of the "New Outline". On March 1, it held a meeting on the preparation of the "New Outline" and developed the work plan, marking the official start of the preparation work. The meeting decided to set up two agencies, namely the leading group for the preparation of the outline for the next decade and the outline drafting group, and set up an office under the agencies as well. LGOP Director-General Fan Xiaojian acted the head of the leading group for the preparation of the outline and the group members were the comrades from the units of the deputy directors, Office of the Ministry of Agricultural Industry, Policy Research Office of CPC Central Committee and relevant divisions of the Research Office of the State Council. Under the leadership of LGOP Deputy Director-General Wang Guoliang, the drafting group is composed of relevant people from the above departments and LGOP, relevant experts and grassroots comrades. The office is in the Department of Policy and Regulation of LGOP.

　　After the first concentrated work of the drafting group, the first status meeting of the drafting group was convened on March 13, which presented the overall framework and general layout of the content of the "New Outline". On March 29, after seeking opinions of the Expert Advisory Committee of the Leading Group for Poverty Alleviation and Development, the framework was revised. On April 7, Director-General Fan Xiaojian organized and chaired the meeting of the drafting group and discussed the preparation of the outline. On June 17, Vice Premier Hui Liangyu called together the deputy heads of the Leading Group for Poverty Alleviation and Development and comrades from relevant departments to listen to the report on the preparation of the "New Outline". He affirmed the basic framework of the "New Outline", made important comments on the study of a number of key topics (standards, key counties and contiguous areas) and gave clear instructions on further promoting the drafting work. From August 1 to 10, researches were carried out on specific topics for relevant policy coordination. From August 11 to 20, the drafting group again worked together to summarize the work done in the policy research and coordination period. They improved the basic framework of the "New Outline" and completed the first draft. From August 21 to 30, they sought revisal opinion of the leading group for the draft of the "New Outline" and carried out research on relevant topics for further improvement. On September 7, for the first time, it sought the opinion of the member units of the Leading Group for Poverty Alleviation and Development. From November 7 to 12, the national party and government leaders’ meeting was respectively convened in Ningxia and Fujian to seek opinions of local leaders on the "New Outline". On November 19, it again sought the opinion of the member units of the Leading Group for Poverty Alleviation and Development.

　　After a year of hard work in 2010, a solid foundation has been laid for the introduction of the "New Outline".

　　【Entire Village Advancement】

  1. Performance: In 2010, the government planned to launch entire village advancement projects in 19,000 poverty-stricken villages nationwide, including 9,023 "three guarantee" poor villages. In fact, the project was launched in 18,300 poor villages, 9,023 of which were "three guarantee" poor villages.

2. Funding: In 2010, a total of 25.49 billion Yuan was issued for entire village advancement, of which: 10.73 billion Yuan was from the central government, 2.55 billion Yuan from local government and 12.21 billion Yuan from various departments. The average investment for each village was 1.39 million Yuan.

3. In September 2010, LGOP held the on-the-spot meeting for national entire village advancement in Shangqiu City, Henan Province. It summarized the entire village advancement over the past decade, made arrangements for the preparation of the planning for entire village advancement during the "12th Five-Year Plan" period and included 30,000 poor villages into the national planning.

　　【Labor transfer training – Rain Plan】

1. Overall situation: In 2010, under the leadership of the party committee of LGOP, with the support from relevant divisions and training centers, the Department of Policy and Regulation continued to strengthen the guidance for the implementation of Rain Plan. On the one hand, it further strengthened the contacts with the provincial (municipal) poverty alleviation offices and relevant divisions or training centers, made more communications on relevant work, exchanged experience with each other and constantly strengthened the guidance for the implementation of Rain Plan, making a positive contribution to achieving the annual target of Rain Plan. The provincial (municipal) poverty alleviation sectors continuously increased capital investment, put more efforts on the implementation of the plan and comprehensively completed the tasks assigned at the beginning of the year. According to statistics, in 2010, a total of 1.113 billion Yuan was invested as training funds for Rain Plan, of which 823 million Yuan was labor transfer training fund, 153 million Yuan was used in practical agricultural technical training, 60 million Yuan for training village cadres or leaders in becoming rich (entrepreneurial training) and 77 million Yuan for other trainings. A total of 1.21 million poor labors nationwide attended the training. 1.1 million people received labor transfer trainings and more than 90% of these labors were successfully transferred; 1.32 million people received practical skills trainings and 100,000 village cadres received entrepreneurial trainings.

2. Reform of the implementation modalities of Rain Plan First, launch pilot projects. On June 17, 2010, LGOP and the Ministry of Finance jointly issued the "Notice on the Implementation of Pilot Projects for Reform of the Implementation Modalities of 'Rain Plan' " (Guo Kai Ban Fa [2010] No. 66). Nine key counties for national poverty alleviation and development in the central and western areas (Wu County of Hebei, Yiyang County of Henan, Luotian County of Hubei, Shaoyang County of Hunan, Longlin County of Guangxi, Wulong County of Chongqing, Lintan County of Gansu, Zeku County of Qinghai and Jimunai County of Xinjiang) were selected as pilot areas for the reform of the implementation modalities of Rain Plan. The pilot project was designed to guide and encourage the children from poor families to complete the nine-year compulsory education and ordinary high school education and continue secondary and senior vocational education and preparation skills trainings for more than one year through issuing subsidies for labors to receive education and trainings, aiming to further improve the overall quality of new labors from poor families and enhance their capability for getting stable jobs and more income. Subsidies were mainly issued to the students from registered needy families in the pilot counties who received 2010-2011 senior vocational (Grade One, Two and Three), secondary vocational (Grade One and Two) education and skills training for more than one year (except interns on relevant positions). As for the subsidy standard, based on other subsidy policy, 1000 Yuan shall be issued for each person per year (500 Yuan per person per semester). The subsidies shall not be issued in cash, but through "All in One Card (Bankbook) ".

　　Secondly, arrange tasks. On August 9, 2010, LGOP and the Ministry of Finance jointly convened in Beijing the symposium on the pilot program for reform of the implementation modalities of Rain Plan. LGOP Deputy Director-General Wang Guoliang addressed the meeting. According to the requirements of the event, we must follow four principles in the implementation of pilot projects, namely people-oriented, key point highlighting; object targeting and household subsidy providing; being practical and realistic, filling all the vacancies for subsidy; and being objective and fair, open and transparent. Meanwhile, we should focus on five key points in the work: find out the truth, identify the objects, clarify the scope, issue funds and give overall consideration to all factors.

　　【Promote the development of old revolutionary base areas】 As there are a large number of old revolutionary base areas in the key counties for national poverty alleviation and development and it is a heavy task to complete the "three guarantee" projects, in 2010, 11 counties (Jinzhai County and Taihu County of Anhui, Weining County, Nayong County and Xishui County of Guizhou, Luocheng County and Rongshui County of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Fangshan County and Loufan County of Shanxi, Fan County and Queshan County of Henan) were selected for the implementation of entire village advancement project with central government’s special lottery funds to support poor old revolutionary base areas, covering 120 poor villages. The project implementation period is two years. A total of 281.3199 million Yuan was issued for the 11 project counties, 1.65 times the lottery funds. 200,000 – 550,000 Yuan of funds shall be issued per year for the work in the project counties and 2 to 5 full-time project managers shall be arranged. In 2010, the program designed 1,186 infrastructure projects, 3,306 environment improvement and public service projects and 316 industrial development projects, and established 120 village-level mutual funds.

　　In 2010, the pilot projects for contiguous development were launched in 90 key counties in the central and western regions, including 37 old revolutionary base counties. 12 million Yuan will be issued for each county in three years. In addition, anti-poverty funds of 120 million Yuan will be issued for the program. Ten counties were selected as pilot areas for the construction of old revolutionary base areas and 12 million Yuan of anti-poverty funds will be issued to each county in three years for the infrastructure construction, public services, ecological construction and industrial development in the old revolutionary base areas to promote the comprehensive social and economic development in the old revolutionary base areas.

　　【Pilot projects for poverty alleviation in contiguous poor areas】

1. Pilot projects in Aba Prefecture of Sichuan for poverty alleviation and development and integrated control of Kashin-Beck disease

2010  is the third year for the implementation of pilot projects in Aba Prefecture for poverty alleviation and development and integrated control of Kashin-Beck disease (hereinafter pilot projects in Aba). Based on the provincial government’s requirements of "two accelerations" and implementation of livelihood projects, in accordance with the guideline of "stable, sound and rapid" implementation of pilot projects in Aba, taking scientific development as the theme and "maintaining growth, guaranteeing people's livelihood and ensuring stability" as the main line, starting from strengthening management, standardizing procedures, enhancing capacity and improving standards, Aba Prefecture adopted more measures for breakthrough, made overall arrangements to promote development, seriously implemented the projects, stressed practical results and successfully completed the assigned tasks.

　　（1）Capital investment and issuance  Through coordination and joint efforts of various sectors, a total of 847 million Yuan was invested in the implementation of pilot projects in Aba in 2010, of which 334 million Yuan was central government’s anti-poverty fund (100% of the annual plan), 101 million Yuan was matching fund from the provincial government (122% of the annual plan); the central government invested 300 million in the relocation and education projects, completing 98% of the annual task; the provincial government issued matching funds of 130 million Yuan, completing 210% of the annual task and 94% of the three-year task. It was the largest amount of investment in the three years and provided strong guarantee for the orderly implementation of pilot projects. In March 2010, Sichuan Provincial Leading Group for the Implementation of the Pilot Projects approved the "Plan for Anti-poverty Funds in 2010" and Sichuan Provincial Department of Finance and Sichuan Bureau of Poverty Alleviation and Immigration Affairs promptly issued the central government’s anti-poverty funds to Aba Prefecture. In May, Aba approved the annual implementation plans of various counties and issued the funds in full to the project counties and implementing units, one month earlier than that in 2009, creating good conditions for early launching, early implementation and early results of 2010 pilot projects.

　　（2）Main results. Relocation-based education: 100% of the students continued their studies and 26,100 people received living subsidy, accounting for 98% of the scheduled task. Food Change: The supply plan has been issued and the counties are going to implement the plan. 41,600 people were supplied with food, 6.0104 million kg of food was provided, 36% of the scheduled task. Social security: The rural minimum living security system covered 41,100 people and 100% of the task was completed; it provided medical assistance for 39,700 people, completing 96.56% of the assigned task; Resettlement of migrants: It launched the entire village advancement projects in 144 villages and household support projects for 18,100 families, completing 96.96% of the scheduled task; built houses for 712 households, completing 100% of the task; built 60 village activity rooms and facilities, completing 98% of the task; hardened village roads of 330 kilometers, 107% of the task; improved home power grids for 2,577 households, 97% of the task; implemented 141 village backbone industrial projects, 100% of the task; and organized labor transfer trainings for 3,027 people, 100% of the task. Structure adjustment: It issued livestock breeding subsidies for 5,000 farmers, completing 100% of the task; planted vegetables, featured fruit and high-quality barley of 46,600 mu, completing 96% of the task; improved farmland of 10,700 mu, 100% of the task; established 29 bases for planting and breeding, 85% of the task, and newly built tractor roads and livestock roads of 83 kilometers, 78% of the task. Health and epidemic prevention: It provided symptomatic treatment for 41,200 people, 100% of the task; issued subsidies for 41,200 people covered by the new rural cooperative medical system, 100% of the task; completed 68 village-level equipment projects, 100% of the task; implemented 22 township specialty projects, 73% of the task; made clinical examination for 6-13-year-old children from 43 monitoring spots in 7 counties, took 2310 anteroposterior X-rays of children’s right hands, 235 hair samples of male children and 279 main food samples. Key scientific and technological problem tackling: The Provincial Science and Technology Department conducted the mid-term examination assessment on six studies and achieved periodic results. Relocation: It planned to relocate 7,646 households and started the relocation of 6,063 households, accounting for 79% of task; completed the relocation of 3,032 households, accounting for 39% of task; and issued investment of 380.66 million Yuan for the counties.  

　　（3）Poverty alleviation program. Secretary of Sichuan Provincial Party Committee, Governor of Sichuan Province and the head of the Provincial Leading Group for the Pilot Project Jiang Jufeng gave important instructions several times in the summing-up meeting of the pilot projects of Aba Prefecture. LGOP Director-General Fan Xiaojian also fully affirmed the achievements in the pilot projects. On February 22, the plenary session of the leading group for pilot work in Aba for poverty alleviation and integrated control of Kashin-Beck disease was convened to discuss the "Plan for Anti-poverty Funds in 2010" and "Plan for Relocation Projects in 2010" as well as the provincial project leading units’ objective management assessment in 2009. Meanwhile, it promptly and properly dealt with the remaining problems in issuing the "two-relocation" project’s provincial matching funds and made new deployments for 2010 key work and future pilot work in Aba Prefecture as well.

　　（4）Strengthened the management system and increased management efforts. Based on the existing work pattern featured by "department cooperation with major leaders personally taking charge of management and division heads in charge of specific work with support from all circles of society", the provincial, prefecture and county governments effectively strengthened the management to fulfill their responsibilities. First, strengthen objective management. Sichuan Provincial Leading Group for the Pilot Projects formulated the goals and assigned the tasks for relevant provincial member units in 2010, made annual assessment and announced the results. Aba Prefecture Party Committee and Government signed the annual target responsibility document with the counties’ party committees and governments and practiced responsibility management system. The counties assigned the task to specific departments, which provided strong system guarantee for the successful completion of the annual targets of pilot work. Secondly, standardize project management. In accordance with the "Management Regulations" for pilot projects in Aba Perfecture, under the principle of responsibility and task to the prefecture and capital to counties with projects implemented by county government, in the development of 2010 annual plan and implementation plan, it adopted the bottom-up examination and approval procedure and the county government was responsible for the project implementation. In such a way, it highlighted the projects' relevance, feasibility and effectiveness and effectively regulated the management behavior. Thirdly, strict financial management. In accordance with the "Regulations on the Management of Anti-poverty Funds", "Measures on Implementation of County-level Financial Reimbursement System for Anti-poverty Funds of Sichuan Province (for trial)" and the "Interim Procedures for the Supervision and Management of Financial Anti-poverty Funds" for the pilot projects in Aba Prefecture, it strictly implemented the system of "separate savings account, separate account management and specially designated person responsibility". It insisted on special fund for special use, publicity announcements, county financial reimbursement system, government purchase of materials and the auditing and supervision system to improve the efficiency of the use of capital. Fourthly, establish normal mechanisms. Use modern management techniques and means to enhance statistical monitoring. This year, it developed the monitoring management software system and put it into use after organizing trainings in 13 counties to enhance the management level and ensure the authenticity and comprehensiveness of the project implementation results.

　　（5）Supervision and inspection presented new highlights in the in-depth survey. In mid-July, Vice-Chairman of the CPPCC of Sichuan Province Cheng Cichang headed a delegation composed of some party committee members to visit Aba Prefecture for survey on the poverty alleviation and development in Kashin-Beck endemic areas and then wrote the "Survey Report on the Poverty Alleviation and Development in Kashin-Beck Endemic Areas of Aba Prefecture". Li Chongxi, Vice Secretary of the Party Committee of Sichuan Province and Zhong Mian, standing member of CPC Sichuan Provincial Committee and Deputy Governor of Sichuan Province both made important instructions in the "Report". In early July, Director of Development Guidance Division of LGOP Hai Bo headed a delegation to visit the villages and farmers in Ruoergai, Songpan and Jiuzhaigou County for survey on the pilot projects in Aba Prefecture. After the field visits, the research group found that steady progress and remarkable achievements had been made in the pilot projects, spoke highly of the project results and gave specific guidance as well. Sichuan Provincial Department of Education, Sichuan Provincial Department of Water Resources, Sichuan Provincial Department of Health, Sichuan Provincial Animal Husbandry and Food Bureau and the Provincial Work-relief Office effectively strengthened the supervision, inspection and guidance on the pilot work, conducted in-depth research on the grassroots units in Aba Prefecture and took the initiative to improve services. For the "two key livelihood projects", Aba Prefecture Party Committee, NPC, Prefecture Government and prefecture-level supervision departments successively dispatches more than 200 people to form a supervision team headed by the prefecture leaders for supervision and inspection of the project progress and the management of capital use in various counties. They jointly analyzed the reasons for the problems discovered in the survey, worked together to explore solutions, put forward opinions and suggestions and addressed problems through coordination to comprehensively promote the pilot work.

　　（6）New initiatives for planning improvement in the mid-term evaluation. Under the principle of "people-oriented, comprehensive governance, long-term combination, stressing practical results and optimal adjustment", according to the deployments of the plenary session of the Leading Group of Sichuan Province for the pilot projects, in 2010, the government organized the mid-term inspection and evaluation of pilot work. Aba Prefecture developed the "mid-term inspection and evaluation plan" and held a symposium in July to start and implement the mid-term evaluation. Representatives from relevant departments of the prefecture and various counties were present at the meeting. According to the planning and requirements, relevant departments conducted in-depth research and analysis and wrote a high-quality mid-term evaluation report. In November, the Leading Group of Aba Prefecture for Pilot Projects organized the comprehensive inspection and acceptance activity. Through the mid-term evaluation, they conscientiously summarized the experience and good practices in the past two years and promptly addressed problems, difficulties and conflicts. Adhering to the basic spirit of the "Overall Planning", following the principle of "minor adjustment on the premise of stability", based on the survey and the changed conditions, they highlighted contiguous and comprehensive governance, made coordination, overall arrangements, scientific setting and appropriate adjustment and made rationally determined the coverage, content, size and subsidy standards for the pilot projects, combined the pilot work closely with the "12th Five-Year Plan" and made scientific adjustment to the "Plan" to ensure the smooth implementation and tangible results of the pilot projects.

2. Pilot projects of overhead cable transformation

　　In 2010, LGOP and the Ministry of Finance further strengthened their support for the overhead cable transformation in Tibet. After listening to the report on overhead cable transformation of Tibet Autonomous Region and fully affirming their achievements in the past, relevant gave instruction to future work and put forward that the remaining 66 overhead cable transformation projects must be completed in 2010 and 2011. As of the end of 2010, Tibet had completed the design and expert inspection work for the remaining 66 overhead cable transformation projects. In September, it approved the construction of 45 overhead cable transformation projects with total investment of 160 million Yuan, of which 159 million Yuan from the state and 1.3791 million Yuan was labor service contribution of the masses. The state actually issued 120 million Yuan. Relevant experts have checked the design proposals of the remaining 21 projects and relevant department will then make further examination and inspection. Among the 45 overhead cable transformation projects, 33 were constructed in Changdu with government investment of 88.5243 million Yuan; 10 were in Linzhi with government investment of 65.4212 million Yuan; and two are in Shigatse with state investment of 5.0252 million Yuan. The projects that have not been approved yet include ten in Changdu, ten in Naqu and one in Shigatse.

　　From 2009 to 2010, Tibet built 23 suspension bridges through overhead cable transformation, including 19 in Changdu, 2 in Shigatse, 2 in Naqu and one in Linzhi. The completion of these projects made 1800 households and 10205 people bid farewell to the “overhead cable era”.

3. Pilot projects of renovation of "three kinds of house" in Liangshan Prefecture of Sichuan

　　In 2010, to improve the living conditions of the poor in Liangshan Prefecture, LGOP issued 20 million Yuan of special funds for the renovation of "three kinds of house" (slate house, barrack and thatched cottages) of the poor. According to the requirements for the use of special funds and the "New Village Construction Plan in the Integrated Poverty Alleviation and Development in the Big and Small Liangshan" that is being prepared by Sichuan Provincial Government, Sichuan Bureau of Poverty Alleviation and Immigration Affairs and Sichuan Provincial Department of Finance issued the special funds to Liangshan on August 24. Information on the project implementation is as follows:

　　（1）Funding arrangements After the special funds were issued, based on the new village construction situation in 2010, Liangshan Prefecture arranged the funds in house building of poor farmers and issued 6000 Yuan of subsidy for each household, covering 3,333 households and 16,665 people, including 3 million Yuan for 500 households and 2500 people in Zhaojue County; 3 million Yuan for 500 households and 2500 people in Butuo County; 3 million Yuan for 500 households and 2500 people in Meigu County; 3 million Yuan for 500 households and 2500 people in Jinyang county, 3 million Yuan for 500 households and 2500 people in Leibo County, 1 million Yuan for 167 households and 835 people in Puge County, 1 million Yuan for 167 households and 835 people in Xide county, 1 million Yuan for 167 households and 835 people in Yanyuan County, 1 million Yuan for 166 households and 830 people in Yeuxi County and 1 million Yuan for 166 households and 830 people in Ganluo County as well.

　　（2）Main practices

①Strengthen leadership and responsibility implementation. To ensure the completion on schedule of the "three house" renovation project, the prefecture, county, township and village leaders set up the project implementation team and signed the target responsibility document for strict rewards and punishments. Meanwhile, they clarified the functions of various departments. The specifications and quality of building materials for the project are under the responsibility of the prefecture and county quality and technical supervision departments; the organization, implementation, supervision, inspection and acceptance are under the responsibility of the prefecture and county poverty alleviation departments; the planning, design, project quality monitoring, standards of building materials, artisan training and project acceptance are the responsibility of the prefecture and county planning and construction departments; the prefecture and county financial sectors are responsible for the disbursement of funds and the monitoring of capital use; and the Commission for Discipline Inspection, monitoring, auditing and other departments participate in the monitoring of project implementation. In such a way, the "three house" renovation tasks are assigned to specific departments at all levels. It guarantees the smooth implementation of the projects.

②Strengthen publicity and mobilize the masses to participate in. Conduct vigorous propaganda of the country's poverty alleviation and development policies to further stimulate the enthusiasm and initiative of the poor. With the support from government, adhering to the principle of self-reliance supplemented by state subsidy, work hard and change the attitude from "being required to do" to "I want to do", overcome the thought of "waiting, relying and asking for", fully mobilize the enthusiasm of the masses for building a beautiful home by themselves and encourage the poor to participate in the "three house" renovation project construction.

③Strengthen management and standardize operation. In strict accordance with the requirements for use of special funds, the "Measures for the Management of Anti-poverty Funds for 'Three House' Renovation in Liangshan Prefecture" and the "Measures for the Management of Financial Anti-poverty Funds for 'Eight Poverty Alleviation Projects' in Liangshan Prefecture" developed strict rules on the management of project funds. All the project funds issued by the prefecture government are printed in "Liangshan Daily" for publicity and the counties all publicized the use of funds in the project area. As for the use of funds, subsidies are provided in kind and cash and buck materials are purchased by government. After project acceptance, the dispersed households involved in the house renovation will be issued subsidies directly in cash. After receiving the plan for the use of funds and seeking opinions of the project town, villages, groups and rural households, the county governments develop the implementation plan and organize the project construction according to the plan which is approved by the prefecture government. After project completion, they organize the inspection and acceptance activity in strict accordance with the project implementation plan. In the whole process of project construction, they actively apply for early intervention of discipline inspection and audit departments to standardize the project implementation, guarantee the safe use of project funds and enhance the efficiency of capital use.

④  Optimize the design to improve the construction level. According to the requirements of "three breakthroughs and three improvements" of Liu Qibao, Secretary of Sichuan Provincial Party Committee, to make the houses "safe, economic, practical and distinctive", in addition to the designs in the "Atlas of Building Construction for 'Three House' Renovation Projects in 'Yi District ' of Sichuan Province", they further optimized the design for fireplace, kitchen, doors, windows and wall decorations to highlight local features and national characteristics and improve the construction level of single residential building. Meanwhile, the "three house" transformation was combined with the entire village advancement, industrial development, new rural construction, rural tourism and national characteristics to improve the village layout.

1. 4. Pilot projects of poverty alleviation in Shanyao Region of Yao Nationality in Funing County, Yunnan

　　（1）Basic situation.

Shanyao people of Yao Nationality (hereinafter Shanyao), 8429 in total, are mainly scattered in six towns of Wenshan Prefectures of Yunan, including Funing County, Xinhua County, etc. They mainly live in karst areas with high mountains and steep slopes, facing serious problem of desertification and extremely scarce land resources. The per capita arable land area is only 0.87 mu. For historic reasons, the problem of poverty is prominent here. 1231 households and 5687 people live in fence and bushes houses. At the end of 2008, the rural per capita net income was only 670 Yuan and the per capita share of grain was 275 kg. People lived in deep poverty.

　　To earnestly implement the important instruction spirit of the central leadership, From January 7 to 13, 2010, a joint research group headed by LGOP Director-General Fan Xiaojian and composed of representatives from the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, National Development and Reform Commission, Ministry of Finance and Shanghai Office for Cooperation and Exchange paid a visit to Shanyao Region of Funing County for field research, exchanged views with the provincial party committee and government and gave instructions on supporting the development of Shanyao in Funing County. From January 9 to 14, 2010, Secretary Bai Enpei visited Shanyao Region of Funing County for field research and clearly put forward the guideline for accelerating the development of Yao people. Governor Qin Guangrong said that we must mobilize all forces, increase efforts and investment, clarify the responsibility and strengthen relevant measures to win this battle of key problem tackling for people with special difficulties. With the strong support from relevant ministries and commissions as well as Shanghai Municipal Government, based on the in-depth field research, extensive solicitation of opinions and repeated demonstrations, under the principle of "focusing on both long-term development and fundamental starting point", in accordance with the development idea of supporting through "house moving, tree planting and school education", Yunnan Provincial Poverty Alleviation Office, Yunnan Development and Reform Commission and the Provincial Ethnic Affairs Commission guided Wenshan Prefecture People’s Government to complete the preparation of the " Comprehensive Poverty Alleviation and Development Plan for Shanyao People of Yao Nationality in Funing County of Yuannan Province".

　　（2）Main practices

①Attach great importance and vigorously promote the project implementation. Yunnan provincial government has always attached great importance to the development of poverty-stricken people and strived to lift Shanyao people out of poverty. It put forward the strategic objective of "never allow any ethnic nationality to lag behind". In accordance with the requirements of "provincial government responsible for coordination, department cooperation, prefecture government taking the overall responsibility, county government in charge of implementation, providing support for specific villages and households", the provincial party committee established a leading group for the overall coordination for supporting the development of the masses with special difficulties. Headed by the provincial party committee and government leaders and composed of representatives of relevant provincial departments, the leading group is mainly responsible for the coordination in supporting the development of Shanyao people, making clear the responsibility of various departments at all levels, signing letters of responsibility and assigning tasks to different sectors and people. It practices target responsibility system and reward and punishment assessment system and conducts strict assessment on project implementation. With clear responsibility, departments at all levels worked together to jointly promote the project construction and key problem tackling, which ensured the smooth implementation of various construction projects. Funing County of Wenshan Prefecture established the headquarters for supporting the development of Shanyao.  The Secretary personally acted as the commander and the members were more than 20 principals from local poverty alleviation office, development and reform commission, ethnic affairs commission and financial department. Relevant government leaders of the towns involved in the "battle" were dispatched to work in the headquarters. The headquarters successively held more than 20 meetings on supporting the development of Shanyao people to promptly address the difficulties and problems in the development of Shanyao people. The 24-member supporting team always stayed with Shanyao people in the village to help project towns do a good job of propaganda, mobilization and implementation and give instructions to Shanyao people on development of production to promote the development of Shanyao people.

②  Make overall planning for integration of funds.  In accordance with the principle of "overall planning, implementation step by step, highlighting key points and features, taking all factors into consideration, local conditions-based, paying equal attention to long-term and short-term projects and addressing both the symptoms and root causes of problems", Shanyao support program will be implemented in five years (2010-2014: Complete infrastructure projects in the first three years and industrial development and project improvement in the later two years) in three ways (inter-town relocation within the county; resettlement of small town construction; local development support). Six projects (infrastructure construction, housing, food and clothing project, industrial development project, quality improvement project, environmental protection and construction project, livelihood security project) will be launched to ensure that Shanyao people will have access to food, houses, drinking water, school education, medical care, highroads and projects for income growth. It aims to achieve per capital net income of 2000 Yuan and per capital share of grain of 350 kg for Shanyao people and basically address the food, clothing and poverty problem of 1828 households and 8429 Shanyao people. Total investment for the program is 421.6343 million Yuan, of which: 273.3647 million Yuan was central government subsidy, 121.884 million Yuan from local government subsidy, 4.65 million Yuan was from Shanghai and 21.7356 million Yuan was raised by the masses or labor service contribution. As of the end of 2010, 162 million Yuan of the anti-poverty funds was issued, accounting for 38% of the total (422 million Yuan), including 5 million Yuan of aid fund from Shanghai, 67.5775 million Yuan from the development and reform commission, 36.37 million Yuan from poverty alleviation sector, 2.733 million Yuan from the Ethnic Affairs Commission, 6.2 million Yuan from the transport sector, 11.51 million Yuan from education sector, 3.6 million Yuan from urban and rural housing construction departments, 150,000 Yuan from agricultural sector, 2.509 million Yuan from forestry department, 480,000 Yuan from cultural sector, 400,000 Yuan from human resources and social security department, 12.3329 million Yuan from land and resources department, 1 million Yuan from civial affairs department, 750,000 Yuan from broadcasting and TV sector, 100,000 Yuan from science and technology sector, 800,000 Yuan from health department and 10 million Yuan raised by the prefecture and county government.

③  Careful organization for steady progress Under the deployment of the provincial and prefecture leading group for supporting the development of Shanyao, headed by the poverty alleviation offices, through department cooperation, the government developed the annual support plan and implementation program for project development of Shanao people. According to the principle of department cooperation and joint management, it gave full play to the role of business departments and encouraged them to do a good job of project implementation. First, achieved good results in the "three spots and four villages" projects. "Three spots" project construction went on smoothly: a total of 7.45 million Yuan was invested in the three resettlement spots. Anhao resettlement spot in Xinhua Town of the county has completed the construction of 60 sets of low-rent houses in five units and is decorating the internal and external walls; Nangong resettlement spot in Guichao Town has completed the construction of 60 sets of low-rent houses in five units and is decorating the internal and external walls; Nagang resettlement spot of Jinba Forest Farm has completed two-storied house building for 18 households and one-storied brick house building for 24 households, completed the primary ring beam preparation and began brickwork for house building of 8 households. Progress made in the "four village" project construction: 1 million Yuan was issued for Nonglou Village Project of Xinhua Town: implemented housing renovation projects of 1140 square meters for 19 households and water piping project of 1800 meters, built a 30-cubic meter reservoir, hardened roads of 2100 square meters, built retaining walls of 310 cubic meters, one toilet, activity space of 280 square meters and one 90-square meter villagers’ activity room; and rebuilt 10 stalls. 1.28 million Yuan has been issued for Dama Village Project of Naneng Town: implemented housing renovation projects of 2240 square meters for 28 households and water piping project of 3700 meters; hardened village roads of 3000 square meters and household-reaching roads of 600 square meters, built retaining walls of 50 cubic meters, 20 biogas digesters, one public toilet, activity space of 100 square meters and one 60-square meter villagers’ activity room; preparatory work is being done for industrial development projects. 500,000 Yuan has been issued for Longqiu Village Project of Guichao Town: built new houses for 20 households, hardened village roads of 800 square meters; 1.2177 million Yuan has been invested for the construction of Nalong Village Project of Guichao Town: built new houses for 32 households, hardened village roads and completed the foundation building of the science and technology activity room. Secondly, launch the ecological environment protection project. So far, a total of 2.2441 million Yuan has been issued for the project construction. Newly planted tea-oil trees of 4281 mu and walnut trees of 137 mu in Shanyao region of Zhesang, Naneng and Guichao Town, which benefited seven Shanyao village teams, 147 households and 676 people. Thirdly, launch the quality improvement project. To meet the requirements of "further optimizing school layout for Shanyang children to enjoy quality educational resources to nurture future generation", the government issued a total of 6.2394 million Yuan to build ten schools in Shanyang regions of Guizhao and Dongbo and dismantled D-grade dangerous houses of 3138 square meters; It opened a boarding class for Shanyao students of Grade Five in No. 1 Primary School of the county and enrolled 50 Shanyao students; and issued 391,500 Yuan of subsidies for 1698 poor Shanyao students.

④  Rely on grass-roots organizations to mobilize the masses. It highlighted the main body position of the poor status in poverty alleviation and development and gave full play to the initiative and creativity of poverty-stricken areas and poor people to lift them out of poverty; established the "party committee leading people to get rich" and cultivated "leaders in becoming rich"; gave full play to the role of grassroots party committees as fighting forces and the vanguard and exemplary role of CPC members, and gave full play to the role of grassroots organizations in mobilizing and organizing masses in poverty alleviation and development to rapidly and effectively complete the support task in the countryside. Meanwhile, it gave play to the main body role of poor masses in poverty reduction, comprehensively publicized the national and provincial pro-poor policies, organized the masses to participate in the whole process of planning development, implementation and supervision, took it as an important standard for measuring the work effectiveness whether the masses are satisfied and whether they support the work or not; fully respected the masses’ right to information, decision-making, participation, management and supervision, mobilized the masses to rely on themselves for production development while receiving government support to gain more income and improve living conditions, and made them inner strength for changing the poverty status and backwardness.

⑤  Strengthen the management to improve efficiency.  To ensure that the pro-poor policies are smoothly implemented to benefit the masses, in the poverty alleviation and development, the government, first of all, strictly obeyed the rules on the management of anti-poverty funds and industrial project funds, conscientiously implemented the project funding reimbursement system, publicity announcement, bidding, project quality monitoring, project target assessment and performance evaluation as well as follow-up project management system, developed and implemented clear scientific system for progress making, quality and cost control; Secondly, it strengthened the management of project funds, practiced the data management systems such as filing cards and record management, listened to the opinions of the masses in project selection, ensure mass participation in project construction, established "five lines of defense" to ensure safe use of funds,  namely supervision of higher authority, department supervision, audit supervision, mass supervision and the supervision of public opinion. Thirdly, it strengthened the punishment system for poverty alleviation, arranged discipline inspection and supervision in the whole process of the management of anti-poverty project funds, the construction of cadre team and the development of organs themselves as well; introduced the system of "honest commitment to poverty alleviation projects", "independent appraisal system for poor masses", "honest counselor system for poor masses" and "the system for honest and clean government culture in poverty alleviation"; established county, town and village-level honest and clean government commitment and pro-poor project performance responsibility system to ensure measures against corruption are adopted wherever anti-poverty funds are issued and the discipline inspection and supervision departments can more effectively carry out supervision work in the whole process, and ensure the safe use of capital and innocence of cadres.

5. Pilot projects of desertification control through grass growing and livestock industry in Guizhou

　　According to the "Approval on the 'Pilot Program for Poverty Alleviation by Technology through Industrialization of Grassland husbandry in Desertified Poor Areas in Guizhou Province' " (〔2008〕No. 12 Document), in 2010, Guizhou Provincial Poverty Alleviation Office issued anti-poverty funds of 90 million Yuan (of which 20 million Yuan was from LGOP for desertification control and 70 million Yuan was provincial anti-poverty fund) for the industrialization of grassland husbandry in Qianxinan Prefecture and ten counties in Bijie, namely Pu’an, Qinglong, Xingren, Ceheng, Wangmo, Bijie, Weining, Hezhang, Nayong and Dafang; in December 2010, it issued anti-poverty funds of 40 million Yuan (5 million Yuan for each of the following eight counties: Qinglong, Pu’an, Ceheng, Wangmo, Weining, Hezhang, Nayong and Dafang) for poverty alleviation by industrialization. All the funds were invested in the implementation of poverty alleviation projects through industrialization of grassland husbandry. In order to better implement the project, the two regions actively integrated funds of 390 million Yuan for grass planting, pen building and grass road building as well.

　　（1）Project implementation

①  Project implementation with financial anti-poverty funds in 2010 As of the end of 2010, it had completed the construction of the following projects: Grass plantation of 228,700 mu in Qianxinan Prefecture and Bijie, accounting for 160.66% of the task; pens of 291,800 square meters, accounting for 158.04% of the task; procurement of 131,200 ewes, accounting for 109.8% of the task and procurement of 6031 rams, accounting for 110.82% of the task.

　　In 2010, a total of 80 million Yuan of anti-poverty funds were issued by the central and provincial government for the industrialization of grassland husbandry in Bijie, of which: 30 million Yuan (15 million Yuan for each county) was issued to Weining and Hezhang, two big counties for husbandry industry, and 50 million Yuan was issued to five counties (cities), namly Bijie, Dafang, Nayong, Qianxi and Zhijin, 10 million Yuan for each. The funds were issued to purchase 5,224 rams and 113,300 basic ewes, build pens of 174,400 square meters and 7 improved seed farms, purchase 295 quality rams and 6,600 quality ewes and build pens for improved seeds of 10,700 square meters as well. As of the end of 2010, the region's farmers had bought 3189 rams and 70,300 basic ewes, each accounting for 110.19% of the task; built pens of 165,000 square meters and planted grass of 113,600 mu, respectively accounting for 168.81% and 179.32% of the tasks.

　　In 2010, a total of 83.8 million Yuan of anti-poverty fund was issued by the central and provincial government for Qianxinan Prefecture, of which: 10 million Yuan was central government’s financial anti-poverty funds (provided by LGOP for pilot projects of desertification control), 70 million Yuan was provincial anti-poverty fund and 3.8 million Yuan was drought fighting and disaster relief fund for grassland husbandry. The program provided support for a total of 3696 households and 14,800 people. 

②  Implementation of desertification control projects in 2010  In 2010, LGOP and the Ministry of Finance arranged special funds of 10 million Yuan for the grassland husbandry in desertified areas of five counties (cities) in Bijie. Since the project was approved, with the joint efforts of the county and city poverty alleviation offices and grassland centers, Bijie completed various construction tasks. It newly built pens of 11,600 square meters, completed grass plantation of 12,200 mu, and purchased 375 rams and 7,500 basic ewes, completing 100% of all assigned tasks.

　　LGOP and the Ministry of Finance issued special funds of 10 million Yuan for the pilot projects of grassland husbandry in desertified areas in Qianxinan Prefecture, mainly for the construction of breeding farms in five counties including Qinglong, etc. So far, it has completed grass plantation of 12,400 mu, accounting for 101.57% of the scheduled task (12,200 mu), purchased 7,659 basic ewes, accounting for 102.12% of the scheduled task (7,500), built seven breeding farms in the five counties and comprehensively completed the task of grass plantation, pen building and breeding sheep introduction.

　　（2）Main results

①  Increasingly obvious economic benefits and steady income growth of farmers. Through grass planting and sheep breeding, farmers achieved economic benefits in a relatively short period of time. All the farmers good at breeding and management obtained higher income. In Qinglong County, 11,800 rural households engaged in breeding of more than 20 sheep in 2010, of which 400 households got income of more than 100,000 Yuan, over 2000 households obtained income of 40,000-50,000 Yuan and many households got income of 20,000-30,000 Yuan. In Ceheng County, 2764 rural households engaged in breeding of more than 20 sheep in 2010, of which 1100 households had income of more than 10,000 Yuan, over 500 households had income of more than 20,000 Yuan and more than 20 households had income of 50,000 Yuan or so. Zhou Shaofu, a villager from Lianglukou Team, Xitun Village, Xindian Town of Pu’an County sold 106 sheep in 2010 and got income of 84000 Yuan. As a result, he paid off the debt, shook off poverty and became the leader in becoming rich among the sheep breeding farmers in Xindian Town and even in the whole county.

②Ecological conditions are gradually improved and initial results have been achieved in comprehensive governance. In 2010, Bijie and Qianxinan Prefecture completed grass plantation and grassland improvement of 228,000 mu. Through grassland construction, they further curbed soil erosion, accumulated useful experience for the development of the concept of circular economy. In some places, for example, after ensiling and microorganism fermenting procedure, straw is combined with scientific breeding for rational development and use of limited resources to reduce the plundering of natural resources and protect the ecological environment. In the implementation, supported by the construction of biogas digesters, some projects can use manure for the development of biogas energy to save energy and improve people’s living environment.

③Farmers are more skilled with higher enthusiasm. Through training participation and farming practices, many farmers have accumulated some experience in breeding and some of them have become backbone technicians and livestock brokers. For example, Wu Xueqiang, a farmer from Changba Team, Yutang Village,Weishe Town of Hezhang County, have got 20 lambs now through breeding 20 ewes. Huang Long, a farmer from Shiban Team of Sanquan Village invested 20,000 Yuan to built pens of 100 square meters. Now, he has got 45 sheep. He Jielin, a farmer from Erdaohe Village, Zhangjiawan Town of Nayong County sold four sheep and has still 40 sheep.

④  Obvious social benefits. It has effectively solved the problem of local labor transfer, not only improved the production and living conditions of the poor, but also broadened employment channels and maintained social stability; not only increase the income of farmers, but improved the quality of peasants; not only promoted the industrial structure adjustment, but accelerated the county economic development; not only explored a successful way of poverty alleviation through industrialization of grassland husbandry in desertified areas, but stimulated the spirit of self-reliance and hard struggle of the masses in poor areas and speeded up the pace of poverty reduction in Guizhou Province.

6. Pilot projects of poverty alleviation and development in Karst areas of Weining, Guizhou

　　Based on the particularity of the "pilot projects in Weining", in early 2010, Weining County of Guizhou Province held the county’s "three-level cadre" meeting and put forward the guideline for the pilot work. Focusing on "agricultural production for county stability, poverty alleviation and project construction for county development, industrial development to enrich the county and tourism development, science and education to rejuvenate the county", the government vigorously promoted the county’s economic construction, political construction, cultural development, social construction and party building. As a result, Weining County witnessed rapid social and economic development.

　　（1）Main results.

① Growing income of urban and rural residents and good economic development trend  As of the end of 2010, the county’s GDP reached 3.505 billion Yuan (figure of the third quarter), up 14.51%; fixed asset investment reached 4.2 billion Yuan, up 276.34%, with growth rate ranking first in Bijie; total fiscal revenue reached 586 million Yuan, up 100.62%, local fiscal revenue amounted to 388 million Yuan, up 37.35%; disposable income of urban residents reached 10,900 Yuan, 1001 Yuan more than that in 2009, and rural per capita net income amounted to 3054 Yuan, 501 Yuan more than that in 2009.

②  Effective integration of resources for poverty alleviation and initial formation of the great pattern for poverty reduction. First, the government made scientific preparation of county and village poverty alleviation programs; Secondly, it increased efforts on integrating resources for poverty alleviation; Thirdly, initial results were achieved in the pilot projects of three key villages; Fourthly, the government did a good job of training to enhance the self-development capacity of farmers, especially the poor.

③  Rapid infrastructure construction and constantly improved production and living conditions. First, new breakthroughs were made in road traffic; Secondly, new progress was made in rural water conservancy; Thirdly, significant results were achieved in the improvement of urban and rural power grids; Fourthly, the government continued to promote agricultural construction; Fifthly, cultural facilities have been gradually strengthened.

④Poverty alleviation industry begins to take shape and the channels for income growth of farmers have been expanded. To increase income of farmers, focusing on the implementation of "2135" project (1 million-mu grassland husbandry, 1 million-mu featured fruit and nut trees, 500,000-mu vegetable base, 500,000-mu Chinese medicine base and 500,000-mu tea trees), according to the requirements of "fostering backbone industries for villages and implementing projects to increase income of households", it actively developed grassland husbandry, potato industry, tobacco industry and featured agriculture to enhance grain yield.

⑤  Continued to address livelihood problems and significantly improved the ecological environment. First, key livelihood problems have been addressed. In 2010, through poverty alleviation for the masses with special difficulties, relocation of the farmers affected by geological disasters, establishment of the "Love Education Fund" as well as the improvement of stoves and ovens to control endemic fluorosis for 17,000 households, Weining County has significantly improved the ecological environment and people’s living standards. Secondly, the coverage of rural minimum living security system was expanded and social assistance was comprehensively provided. In 2010, it improved the rural minimum living security system and conducted comprehensive verification of the security standards in order to "cover all those with certain conditions, cancel those not meeting relevant conditions, provide minimum living allowance based on household situation and supplement difference based on actual situation". Now, 81,000 households and 239,800 people in Weining County enjoy the rural minimum living allowance policy and 3,310 households and 6,108 people are covered by the urban minimum living security system. Thirdly, the social insurance system has been initially established. Fourthly, it further promoted the new rural cooperative medical care and basic medical insurance for urban residents. In Weining County, 1.0467 million people have participated in the rural cooperative medical system, accounting for 96.5% of the rural population, and the net participation rate reached 86.42%, 5.98 percentage points higher than that in 2009. The rural households covered by the minimum living security system, the "two kinds of households" in family planning, soldiers and those enjoying special care and preferential treatments, 134,600 households in total, do not need to pay the participation fee. In Weining County, a total of 17,978 people participated in the medical insurance for urban residents, accounting for 94.01% of the urban residents. Fifthly, the living environment in rural areas has been effectively improved. Sixthly, the ecological environment has been improved.

⑥Made steady progress in implementing the strategy of "enriching the county by industrial development" and accelerated the pace of industrialization. First, industrial economy continued to grow; Secondly, the pattern corporate diversity has been formed; Thirdly, it speeded up industrial park construction and achieved remarkable success in energy conservation and consumption reduction; Fourthly, it increased efforts on the development and utilization of new energy; Fifthly, it increased efforts on inviting investment.

⑦  In-depth implementation of the strategy of "promoting county development by urban growth" and continuous enhancement of city image  First, strive to improve the environment; Secondly, accelerate urban construction.

⑧  Made remarkable achievements in creating a good security environment and significantly enhanced people's sense of security.  Through unremitting efforts, 87.9% of the people in Weining County are satisfied with the social security, up 16.92% compared to 2009. The ranking jumped from last in 2009 to the third in Bijie and from the 86th in 2009 to the 48th among the 88 counties (cities, districts) in Guizhou Province.

⑨  Made breakthrough in family planning work and started standardized management. First, adopted a number of extraordinary measures based on the actual situation of family planning at this stage. The county’s great pattern of "one tune, one game of chess" and the trend of "willing and dare to deal with problems" in family planning work among county and village cadres have been basically formed; Secondly, steadily promoted the grassroots work. Recruited 50 civil servants to work in the town family planning office and floating population management office and 345 coordinators for the management of floating population, and steadily promoted the construction of "three basic projects" (improve the basic network for the management of family planning service for grassroots population, enhance the basic capability of family planning service team for grassroots population and implement the basic responsibility of family planning service staffs for grassroots population); Thirdly, carried out activities of excelling in "four distinctions and one satisfaction"; completed the construction of the county population, family planning services and maternal and child health centers and 17 township service stations, recruited 93 laboratory technicians and clinical staffs to work in the township maternal and child health center; Fourthly, did a good job of standardized management. To comprehensively address the problem of big population, it concentrated forces and time for population census and focused on addressing remaining surgery problems; increased efforts on interest-oriented work and further improved the standardized management and routine work mechanism.

⑩  Safety production situation is better and urban and rural environment has been significantly improved. First, illegal coal mining has been effectively suppressed and the passive situation of safety production has been completely reversed. Secondly, significant changes took place to the sanitation, traffic order and city appearance of Weining County and the phenomenon of being dirty and chaotic disappeared. The public satisfaction rate reached 93.33% and the ranking jumped from the last in Bijie to the first, among the top in Guizhou.

　　11 Rapid development of education and significantly improved teaching equality. Weining County built and rebuilt schools of 350,000 square meters, launched 231 school security projects and increased 1789 special-post teachers, making the number of special teachers reach 6379. It was recommended by Guizhou Provincial Department of Education as the "National Advanced County for Special-post Teachers".

　　12Level of medical care and people's livelihood were significantly improved. It completed the construction of 34 township hospitals and 610 village-level clinics in Weining County, achieved the goal of hospitals for all towns and clinics for all villages.

　　13Booming tourism and constantly expanded agricultural product marke. First, successfully held the Fifth Caohai International Birdwatching Festival & "City of Birds, Charming Weining", the Sixth Caohai International Birdwatching Festival & "City of Birds, Charming Weining", Press Conference for Eco-Photo Contest on Natural Culture on Plateau Wetlands and other activities; actively participated in the "2010 Taipei Tourism Exposition" and the tourism promotion meetings in Chengdu and Kunming to constantly enhance the popularity of Weining. Secondly, Weining’s kidney beans were successfully exported to Singapore, Armenia and Georgia; Weining’s buckwheat cakes were introduced, for the first time, to the world's leading multinational supermarkets - Wal-Mart; and Weining’s buckwheat tea was launched, for the first time, to the consumer market in Taiwan.

　　（2）Main practice. 

① Unify their thinking with higher entrepreneurial enthusiasm. The whole county of Xianning has got unified thinking and clear targets. The situation is gratifying and people all have high enthusiasm. The ideology of "little difficulty for great development, more difficulties for slow development and the most difficulties for no development" has been basically established. Unified voice and tone have been formed to jointly promote the scientific, rapid and sound development of Weining and consolidate the good situation for great economic and social development and great prosperity of Weining.

②Clarify the development ideas of the "12th Five-Year Plan" and develop the two-year acceleration plan. According to the Tenth Plenary Session of the Tenth Provincial Party Committee, the provincial industrial development conference and the provincial party committee and government leaders’ instructions in the conferences, it developed the guideline of the "12th Five-Year Plan" and the two-year acceleration plan as well.

③Further promote the construction of eight pilot projects to lift 243,700 poor farmers out of poverty on schedule. First, promptly launched the pilot projects of new rural old-age security, set up a leading group, developed the "Implementation Measures", strengthened publicity, recruited 115 people to support the township government work and provide relevant office furniture, etc. Secondly, promoted the pilot projects of renovation of dilapidated buildings in rural areas, divided the target responsibilities and assigned the task of renovation of dilapidated buildings of 55,597 households to grassroots units; the county leaders headed the supervision team for monitoring and implemented weekly scheduling and monthly approval; Thirdly, actively developed planning for pilot asphalt road projects for all villages. The provincial department of transportation has issued the plan for building village asphalt roads of 400 kilometers; Fourthly, pilot projects for poverty alleviation by industrialization have been continuously implemented and planting and breeding industry have been expanding; Fifthly, the participation rate of the pilot projects of the new rural cooperative medical system keeps growing; Sixthly, pilot projects of small-scale farmland and irrigation projects are implemented smoothly and water conservancy facilities have been constantly improved; Seventhly, pilot projects of village-level public welfare and entire county advancement featured "one meeting for one issue" through financial award have been smoothly implemented. Eighthly, actively implemented pilot projects of rural public welfare debt addressing to effectively reduce the burden on development and accelerate the pace of development.

7. Pilot poverty alleviation projects in the border area of Xinjiang (Aheqi)

　　In 2010, the pilot poverty alleviation projects in the border area of Xinjiang implemented the spirit of Central Government's Work Conference in Xinjiang, unified the ideas and clarified the thinking. The projects were comprehensively launched and implemented orderly. New progress was made and good results were achieved.

　　（1）Pilot area expansion for poverty alleviation in border areas of Xinjiang

①  Conscientiously implemented the spirit of the meeting. In accordance with the spirit of the poverty alleviation and development meeting held in Xinjiang, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Poverty Alleviation Office promptly made the deployment, calling local governments, particularly relevant prefectures, border key counties (cities) to learn and understand the "Guidance on Promoting the Poverty Alleviation and Development in Xinjiang", "Guidance on the Pilot Poverty Alleviation in Border Areas of Xinjiang" and other important documents, as well as the spirit of Director-General Fan Xiaojian’s speech delivered in the poverty alleviation and development meeting in Xinjiang. Xinjiang Poverty Alleviation Office proposed to "work hard for 60 days, earnestly implement the spirit of the Ninth Plenary Session of the Seventh Party Committee of Xinjiang and complete the annual task of poverty alleviation and development". Secretary of the Party Committee of Xinjiang Poverty Alleviation Office Zhao Guoming made arrangements for the poverty alleviation in border areas and organized prefectures to carry out inspection and supervision and give instructions on the year-end work of the key counties (cities) in border areas to ensure a good end of poverty alleviation in border areas this year and a good start of next year’s work.

②  Put forward requirements for poverty alleviation in border areas. Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region issued the "Circular on Requirements for the Current Work and Related Work on Expansion of Pilot Areas for Poverty Alleviation in Border Areas" (Xin Fu Pin Ling Zi [2010] No. 13) and required that the relevant prefectures and key counties in border areas must make an overall arrangements for the poverty reduction in border areas, include poverty reduction in border areas into the plan for leapfrog development and lasting political stability, strengthen the leadership and conscientiously implement the plan. Meanwhile, we must make clear the objectives. Combined with the implementation of "enriching people through housing project" and "enriching people through development of husbandry industry", on the one hand, we must do a good job of house building for border regions and, on the other hand, we should vigorously develop the industries that increase the income of border residents. Focusing on border residents and guardians in border areas, the government mainly issued the funds for housing projects of border residents, integrating planting area, culture zone, farming area and living quarters, and developed leading and featured industries in large scale to enhance the overall level of the industry. It was strict with project approval. The ratio of anti-poverty fund and the fund for other projects for border areas is 1:5. If the ratio requirement is not met this year, 30% of the anti-poverty fund will be deducted for next year. Meanwhile, the government made innovation to the poverty alleviation mechanism and made September 2011 the inspection month for the poverty reduction work in border areas. It focused on key work and set good examples to enhance the effect, did well in special work, strengthened the statistical monitoring on poverty reduction in border areas and established a sound file management system for poverty reduction in border areas as well.

③Comprehensively started expansion of pilot areas for poverty alleviation in border areas. On July 1, 2010, the on-the-spot meeting on pilot poverty alleviation projects in border areas of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was convened and a pro-poor policy system for border areas was basically established. The meeting issued the "Some Opinions on Strengthening Poverty Alleviation in Border Areas of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Draft)" and on this basis, formulated the "Guidance on Application for Anti-poverty Funds for the Pilot Projects in Border Areas of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region". Meanwhile, a monitoring and evaluation system for the expansion of pilot projects in border areas has been set up and the pro-poor policy system for poverty reduction in border areas has been basically established.

④  Developed planning for poverty alleviation in border counties (cities). As of the end of 2010, it had developed the following planning for poverty alleviation in border areas: Planning for the Pilot Poverty Alleviation Projects in Border Areas of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (2011-2015, the same below), Planning for the Pilot Poverty Alleviation Projects in Border Areas of Yili Prefecture, Hetian, Kashi, Kezhou, Akesu, Hami, Tacheng and Aletai Prefecture. 17 programs for the expansion of pilot projects in border areas have been submitted to relevant department for review and approval. According to the planning, a total of 12.88 billion Yuan will be issued for the pilot poverty alleviation projects in border areas of Xinjiang, including 4.55 billion Yuan for border defense projects in Line I areas, accounting for 35% of total investment; 8.29 billion Yuan for border consolidation projects in Line II areas, accounting for 64% of the total; and 50 million Yuan for service projects in Line III areas, accounting for 1%. The poverty alleviation in border areas will last for five years from 2011 to 2015, based on 2009, and special funds of 60 million Yuan will be issued for each county in the six years.

⑤  Established organizations for the poverty alleviation in border areas. Yili Prefecture, Hetian, Kashi, Kezhou, Akesu, Hami, Tacheng and Aletai Prefecture all founded the leading group for poverty reduction in border areas. The prefecture leader act as the group head and the county head and department leader act as the vice heads. 

⑥  Promptly arranged annual poverty alleviation projects for border areas. In 2010, a total of 87 anti-poverty fund projects (pilot poverty alleviation projects in border areas) were launched in 17 key counties and 170 million Yuan was issued. These projects were mainly in Line I areas, focusing on house building and industrial development in the autonomous region.

　　（2）Main results.

①Remarkable results in poverty reduction and development. In 2010, two key villages in Aheqi County passed the examination and acceptance for entire village advancement and 320 households and 1300 people steadily shook off poverty.

②  Rapid development of county economy.  In 2010, with the implementation of a new round of poverty alleviation projects in border areas, Aheqi County witnessed rapid economic development and achieved GDP of 343 million Yuan, up 17% over the previous year; total fixed asset investment reached 920 million Yuan, up 99.5%; consumable retail revenue amounted to 62.45 million Yuan, up 12%; and the fiscal revenue reached 40.2 million Yuan, with an increase of 66.3%.

③  Constantly improved Infrastructure. First, launched housing projects for 300 households, established 5 residential areas equipped with plumbing facilities, electricity, heating equipment and highroads; Secondly, set up 650 Gobi facility agricultural sheds, developed forage base of 15,000 mu, strengthened the construction of water conservancy projects and newly built three diversion canals and water channels of 54 kilometers, which greatly improved the irrigation conditions of farming and pastoral areas; Thirdly, launched solar hot water projects. As of the end of 2010, a total of 487 solar water heaters had been installed.

④  Higher income of farmers and herdsmen. As export of labor service and Gobi industries such as modern animal husbandry, facility agriculture and featured forestry and fruit industry have gradually become the leading industries, the farmers and herdsmen in Aheqi County have got stable channels for income growth. In 2010, the rural per capita net income reached 1697 Yuan, 215 Yuan more than that of the previous year, up 15%.

⑤  Sound development of social undertakings. Further optimized the management mechanism with "primary schools built for all towns and junior middle schools for all counties", improved the county, town and village-level health care network and family planning service network, consolidated and improved the new rural cooperative medical system and medical assistance system and comprehensively launched the new rural social endowment insurance to ensure that all our people enjoy their rights to housing, employment, medical and old-age care.

⑥  Stronger sense of national identity of border residents. Based on the poverty reduction in border areas, a 44-member propaganda team was organized to conduct in-depth education activity themed "building a beautiful home with great love for the motherland". As a result, the border residents have a stronger sense of national identity and love for the motherland.

　　（3）Main practices

① Develop the planning for the new round of pilot poverty alleviation in border areas. According to the planning (2011-2015) of Aheqi County for the new round of pilot alleviation in border areas, it will launch "three projects" and "one action plan", i. e. the projects focusing on border defense in Line I area, border consolidation in Line II and border supporting in Line III, including 66 projects in five categories such as border defense and people-enriching projects, Gobi industrial projects, supporting projects and bilingual education training programs. A total of 748 million Yuan will be issued for these projects. At the same time, it clearly put forward relevant policy support and that we must explore new ways for pilot work. The policy framework for the new round of pilot poverty alleviation projects in border areas has been basically established. 

②  Focus on key points in project implementation. Enhanced the modern animal husbandry, increased planting on forage base, improved the animal disease prevention system and livestock breed improvement measures, carried out cattle embryo transfer with sex controlled and the application of cold matching technology, promoted the management system for group breeding of herdheader, adjusted livestock structure and encourage and guided farmers and herdsmen to develop dairy cow and livestock breeding. As of the end of 2010, there were about 332,000 head of livestock in total in Aheqi County and the planting area in forage base reached 4000 mu. It rebuilt 8 farming communities, founded Kyrgyz Ram Breeding Association and developed 73 households for breeding of more than 110,000 head of livestock. Meanwhile, it vigorously developed Gobi facility agriculture, newly built 650 greenhouses, issued 500,000 Yuan for each town per year as subsidies for land and livestock transfer of farmers, and selected 13 excellent college graduates to act as greenhouse technicians to provide technical service for greenhouses’ management and vegetable planting.

③  Strongly promote the development of service industry. In 2010, Aheqi County transferred 7951 rural surplus labors, including 4540 labors transferred within the county, 916 transferred to other areas of Xinjiang and 2495 to other provinces, generating service revenue of 42.32 million Yuan in total. As of the end of 2010, Aheqi County had created the new labor export structure featured "labor export - learning – generating revenue – returning hometown – new rural construction" in more than ten regions outside Xinjiang with "good employment environment, high salary and sound service mechanism" such as Guangzhou and Zhejiang.

④  Promote the comprehensive development of urban and rural areas. In accordance with the requirements of "high starting point, high level and high efficiency", it launched the low-rent housing construction and built 1008 low-rent houses in 2010. Taking the standard of complete infrastructure and integrated urban and rural development, at the same time, it launched housing projects for 300 households. In accordance with the principle of economical and practical utility based on local situation for long-term develompent, combined with the implementation of concentrated livestock breeding, it made overall planning and unified standards for future housing projects in Aheqi County, designed 31 contiguous construction areas and renovated the quake-proof houses of 760 households built before 2009.

⑤  Support the new round of counterpart aid for Xinjiang. Based on the pilot poverty alleviation projects in border areas, it supported the new round of counterpart aid for Xinjiang. In 2010, the Xinjiang-aiding units invested a total of more than 15 million Yuan for the autonomous region and implemented 17 projects (7 by China Huaneng Group and 10 by Wuxi City), covering Gobi facility agriculture, new rural construction, town/county education and health care, culture, broadcasting and television facility construction, etc. Relevant departments of Wuxi gave instruction on the development of planning and determined the key projects.

⑥  Strengthen coordination among various departments. To support the frontier work and promote education system reform, the government launched teacher performance salary and optimized the "bilingual" teacher team; introduced "meat, egg and milk" projects for students; improved the county, township and village-level health care and family planning service network, went to the mainland to carry out medical and technical personnel recruitment, signed employment agreements with 15 medical graduates from mainland medical institutes, who have all started their work on the position. 100% of the medical expenses covered by the cooperative medical system were paid through the reimbursement system and local government formulated the "Measures of Aheqi County on the Relief of Pediatric Cardiology and Leukemiay" to provide more assistance for vulnerable groups to receive medical treatment. At the same time, the county continued to expand coverage of social insurance and a total of 24,575 people participated in the five social insurances with contribution of 34.75 million Yuan. It also did a good job of disaster relief. As of the end of 2010, the government issued a total of 3.5771 million Yuan of disaster relief funds.

　　【Cadre training in poor areas】

　　In 2010, based on the achievements and experience of China in the field of poverty alleviation and development since the implementation of the "Outline", the cadre trainings mainly analyzed the situation of and challenges for the poverty alleviation and development in the new stage and explored the basic idea for the poverty reduction in the next decade. A total of 15 trainings were organized and 818 people received the trainings. The completion of training task provided intellectual and organizational security for the smooth implementation of poverty alleviation. Main features are as follows:

1. Highlight training reform

　　According to the "Outline for Reform of Cadre Education and Training (2010-2020)", the government seriously studied the training course reform program and made a systematic organization and arrangements for the training course structure, lecturer recruitment, teaching materials, case selection, field trips and logistics services.

　　First, organized key county director training in various regions  From July to September, four seminars were held for the directors of poverty alleviation offices of key counties and 320 people received the training. The large-span regional training and remote exchange of experience helped the participants understand the overall situation of China's poverty alleviation and broadened their thinking of anti-poverty work.

　　Secondly, held trainings for party and government leaders and middle-aged cadres  In order to train young cadres and reserve personnel for poverty alleviation work, the government successively held two trainings for young and middle-aged backbone cadres and 120 cadres under 45 from poverty alleviation offices nationwide received the training. After that, according to the unified arrangements for the Central Organization Department, it held the training for county-level party and government leader of key counties for national poverty alleviation and development and 47 party and government leaders from the key counties of 27 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) attended the training.

　　Thirdly, held high-level seminars for directors from provincial poverty alleviation offices. From October 16 to 25, a seminar on key problem tackling for karst areas was held in Yunnan. The directors of poverty alleviation offices of five provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in southwest areas and four provinces in the central and eastern regions attended the event.

2. Strengthen the organizational innovation

　　First, leaders personally participated in. Attaching great importance to training reform, the leaders of poverty alleviation offices personally gave lectures on the training courses for party and government leaders from key counties and the trainings for young and middle-aged cadres, chaired training planning meeting, gave instruction on training reform, reviewed training programs and courses and visited Shenzhen Manager Training College for inspection of the training of cadres from poverty alleviation system.

　　Secondly, seek breakthrough. With strong support from Hebei Provincial Poverty Alleviation Office, the training for party and government leaders and cadres from key counties took the household poverty alleviation chain composed of the "cell projects" of poor households of Pingquan County, farmers’ mushroom production and marketing cooperatives, leading enterprises in poverty alleviation by industrialization and mushroom culture support system as the typical cases for research and organized the participants to make analysis and exchange experience with each other.

　　Trainings for the directors of poverty alleviation offices of key counties divide China’s poverty-stricken regions into four parts: northwest, southwest, central and eastern areas. Trainings are organized based on the actual situation of various regions and achieved good results due to strong pertinence.

　　Training courses for young and middle-aged cadres continued to focus on teaching theoretical knowledge of basic policy. Through case study, experiential teaching, situation simulation and student forum, the trainings fully stimulated the interest of the participant in learning, broadened their thinking and greatly encouraged training participation of cadres.

　　Through combining lectures and field visits and combining policy understanding and problem analysis by policy introduction and case study, the high-level seminar for directors of provincial poverty alleviation offices followed the procedure of competency framework, improvement through practices and discussion for deep understanding to enhance the research capacity of the participants in the field of poverty alleviation and development.

　　【Disaster response and post-disaster reconstruction】

　　Wenchuan:

1. Continued to promote the restoration and reconstruction of 100 pilot villages for post-disaster restoration and reconstruction and the disaster-affected poor villages in Sichuan, Gansu and Shaanxi, actively strived for and issued the reconstruction funds and further promoted the post-disaster restoration and reconstruction of poverty-stricken villages through organizing trainings, monitoring, inspection, giving instructions, research, propaganda, etc.

2. At the end of May, it held the international symposium on "combining post-disaster reconstruction with poverty alleviation and development" in Beijing jointly with International Poverty Reduction Center in China (IPRCC). In early June, it held in Xi’an of Shaanxi the third seminar on "disaster prevention and mitigation, post-disaster reconstruction and poverty alleviation".

3. To further explore the mechanism for the combination of disaster response and poverty alleviation and development, it cooperated with relevant research institutions, research agencies and international organizations to carry out series of research work, forming the "Thematic Study Series on Disaster Prevention and Mitigation / Post-disaster Reconstruction and Poverty Alleviation and Development".

4. Continued to strengthen the cooperation with United Nations Development Programme, Oxfam Hong Kong, Mercy Corps and other international organizations and successfully launched the "Sino-German technical cooperation for post-disaster reconstruction in Wenchuan", a collaborative project with Germany.

5. Strengthened propaganda, published Report 2009 and Work Report of LGOP Post-Disaster Reconstruction Office, actively promoted the compilation of "Archives of Earthquake Disaster Relief in Wenchuan" and promptly organized the compilation and issuance of office briefings, newsletters and promotional materials.

　　Yushu:

1. From late April to mid-May, it successively dispatched three working team to the disaster-hit area Yushu to express sympathy and solicitude for the masses, carry out field research and gave instructions on disaster relief work. Director-General Fan Xiaojian and Deputy Director-General Wang Guoliang respectively headed a working team to the disaster area for field survey, consoled disaster-affected people and explored approaches to earthquake disaster relief and post-disaster reconstruction with local cadres and masses.

2. Reported to the State Council Yushu Earthquake Relief Headquarter the opinions on strengthening the combination of post-disaster reconstruction and poverty alleviation and development, and submitted its opinions on relevant policy to support post-disaster restoration and reconstruction in Yushu to the Development and Reform Commission and Ministry of Finance.

3. Gave instructions to Qinghai Poverty Alleviation and Development Bureau on development of the planning for Post-disaster Restoration and Reconstruction in Yushu.

4. Organized and coordinated China Foundation for Poverty Alleviation, China Association of Poverty Alleviation and Development and China Social Entrepreneur Foundation to raise materials to support the disaster-hit areas in Yushu; signed a framework agreement with People's Government of Qinghai Province on the issuance of 100 million Yuan of post-disaster reconstruction funds of China Foundation for Poverty Alleviation, and actively coordinated relevant affairs on land use in post-disaster reconstruction.

　　Others

1. Carried out field research on the flood disasters in poor areas of Hunan, Guangxi and Jiangxi, consoled disaster-affected people and mobilized anti-poverty organizations to provide emergency relief for the affected-poor.

2. Completed analysis report on the disasters in poor areas of China in 2010, guided the provinces prone to flood disasters to design disaster prevention and reduction projects and industrial development projects and proposed to carry out post-disaster reconstruction.

　　【County-based contiguous development pilot projects】

　　In 2010, the pilot projects "with county as the unit through integration of resources, entire village advancement and contiguous development" were launched in 100 key counties of 22 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities), covering 460,000 rural households (including 210,000 poor households), 1700 villages (including 1361 poor villages) and 379 towns. So far, the implementation of the projects is going on smoothly.

　　According to preliminary statistics, a total of 6.3 billion Yuan was put in the pilot projects, of which: 500 million Yuan was central government’s anti-poverty fund, 260 million Yuan was the matching fund of provincial, city and county governments, 290 million Yuan was from relevant departments, 360 million Yuan was bank loans, 1.3 billion Yuan was raised by the masses and 520 million Yuan was other funds. According to the reported provincial data, each 10 million Yuan of financial anti-poverty funds can integrate capital of 50-80 million Yuan.

　　Now, a total of 5.9 billion Yuan has been invested in the 100 pilot counties, accounting for 93% of the total investment. 62% of the financial anti-poverty funds were used in industrial development, 30% in infrastructure construction, 4.5% in public welfare and 4.5% in other fields.

　　【Anti-poverty funds and the management of anti-poverty funds】

2010  is the last year for the implementation of the "Outline for Poverty Alleviation and Development of China’s Rural Areas (2001-2010)". In 2010, the central and provincial government increase financial anti-poverty funds, further standardized the management of anti-poverty funds and strengthened the supervision to enhance the efficiency of capital use.

　　Stable growth of financial anti-poverty funds: In 2010, the central and provincial anti-poverty funds reached 30.268 billion Yuan, 4.11 billion Yuan more than that of the previous year, up 15.7%; of which: 22.268 billion Yuan was central government’s anti-poverty funds, 2.538 billion Yuan more, up 12.9%; 8 billion Yuan was provincial anti-poverty funds, 1.57 billion Yuan more, up 24.4%. In addition, it actively expanded sources of anti-poverty funds and strived for central special lottery funds of 170 million Yuan.

　　Concentrated investment to highlight key areas: In accordance with the requirements of the "Outline", it made overall arrangements for the use of various anti-poverty funds according to the planning for poverty alleviation and development, giving priority to key areas, key work and key objects.

　　1．Anti-poverty funds were issued to key counties and poor villages, giving priority to old revolutionary base area, minority regions and border areas, especially western regions, special poverty-stricken areas and disaster-hit areas. In 2010, 21.288 billion Yuan of financial anti-poverty funds were issued by the central government, of which 20.94 billion Yuan was issued to 22 provinces in the central and western regions, accounting for 98.3% of the total, including 14.15 billion Yuan for 12 western provinces, accounting for 66.5% of the total. 14.89 billion Yuan was issued to key counties, accounting for 82.2% of the total, and 19.12 billion Yuan was invested in poverty-stricken villages, accounting for 89.8%.

　　2．Supported the implementation of entire village advancement projects in poverty-stricken villages, rural poor labor transfer trainings, poverty alleviation by industrialization and relocation-based poverty reduction. Promoted the key work in poverty alleviation to improve the basic production and living conditions and infrastructure, enhance the self-development capacity of poor areas and farmers, help the poor to increase income and become rich and raise anti-poverty funds. In 2010, 10.14 billion Yuan was used in entire village advancement, Rain Plan and relocation-based poverty reduction, accounting for 63.5% of the total.

　　3．Increased efforts on providing anti-poverty funds for specific households and made innovations to the support mechanism. To meet the requirements of the "Circular of the State Council's Leading Group for Poverty Alleviation and Development on Full Implementation of Pro-poor Policies for Low-income Rural Population and Further Promoting Poverty Alleviation" (Guo Kai Fa〔2010〕No. 2 Document), local governments made full use of results of the effective convergence of pro-poor policies and the rural minimum living security system and made positive progress in further adjusting and optimizing the structure of the use of anti-poverty funds and improving measures on household poverty reduction. Among the 15.96 billion Yuan of financial anti-poverty funds issued by the central government for provinces, 6.34 billion Yuan (including funds for trainings and poverty alleviation by science and technology and mutual funds) was used for industrial development of the poor, accounting for 40.3%. Hunan Province arranged special funds of 240 million Yuan for the effective linkage of the "two systems" and supported 600,000 poor people according to the standard of 300-400 Yuan for each. Hebei Province continued to carry out the activity of "Implementation of Cell Projects and Construction of 'Ten Possession' Families", invested anti-poverty funds of 235 million Yuan to support 65,000 poor demonstration households to develop income-growth projects focusing on facility vegetable planting, facility breeding and effective forest and fruit business.

　　Innovated mechanisms to improve capital efficiency. To maximize the effect of financial anti-poverty funds, it made positive exploration on the mechanism for the use of anti-poverty funds.

　　1．Implemented pilot projects of mutual funds for poor villages and established long-term mechanism for the use of financial anti-poverty funds. To address fund shortage for farmers of poor villages to develop production and the difficulties in getting loans from financial institutions due to their own limitations, in 2006, LGOP and the Ministry of Finance jointly launched the pilot projects of "mutual funds for poverty-stricken villages". As of the end of 2010, the pilot projects had been implemented in 13500 villages of 1013 counties. A total of 2.624 billion Yuan was issued (819 billion Yuan of anti-poverty funds from the central government, 1.14 billion Yuan of provincial anti-poverty funds, 535 million Yuan of farmers’ mutual funds and 130 million Yuan of other funds). A total of 1.094 million rural households participated in the mutual funds, of which 563,700 were poor households, accounting for 51.5% of the total; a total of 685,200 people obtained loans, of which 392,700 were poor farmers, accounting for 57.96% of the total; a total of 2.524 billion Yuan of loans were issued, of which 1.439 billion Yuan was for the poor, accounting for 57.2% of the total. In order to further standardize the operating procedures and strengthen supervision, LGOP and the Ministry of Finance jointly issued the "Circular on the Implementation of Pilot Projects of Mutual Funds for Poor Villages in 2010" and held a training in Pingdingshan of Henan on mutual funds for poor villages from September 1 to 3. More than 240 people from the poverty alleviation offices of 89 pilot counties attended the training. Mutual funds played an important role in addressing fund shortage of farmers from poor villages for development of production, improving the degree of organization and self-development capacity of poor households, enhancing the cohesion and combat effectiveness of grassroots organizations in poverty-stricken areas, promoting grassroots democracy construction and promoting the changes in the working manner of government.

　　2．Implemented entire village advancement and contiguous development based on local conditions and built the resource integration platform. Entire village advancement is an important way and carrier for new rural construction in poor areas. In accordance with the requirements of the "Opinions on Jointly Promoting Poverty Alleviation and Development by Entire Village Advancement" (Guo Kai Ban Fa [2008] No. 27 Document) jointly issued by 13 ministries and commissions, local governments increased efforts on resource integration through entire village advancement. According to incomplete statistics, in 2010, the ratio between financial anti-poverty funds and integration funds was 1:1 and averagely 1.4 million Yuan was invested for each villages.

　　On this basis, to explore approaches for the combination of entire village and contiguous development and the combination of poverty alleviation and development and regional economic growth, in 2010, LGOP and the Ministry of Finance continued to implement the pilot projects "with county as the unit through integration of resources, entire village advancement and contiguous development" in 100 counties. 10 million Yuan of financial anti-poverty funds were issued for each pilot county. Through integration of funds and policy and mechanism innovation, it attracted the agriculture-related funds of relevant departments to be invested in industrial development and supporting projects, which promoted the economic development of poverty-stricken areas and the stable income growth of poor rural households. The scale advantages of contiguous development established a platform for resource integration. In some places, the ratio of fund integration reached 1:5-1:8, and the average investment for each village amounted to 3.28 million Yuan, which enhanced the level of investment in poverty alleviation and the proportion of industrial development as well.

　　3．Financial discount encouraged the issuance of anti-poverty loans and enhanced the multiplier effect of anti-poverty funds. 2010 is the third year for comprehensive reform of the management system for anti-poverty subsidized loans. Since the reform, the poverty targeting mechanism has become more effective, the proportion of the households receiving anti-poverty funds has been significantly enhanced and significant progress has been made in promoting the diversification of financial institutions and mobilizing the initiatives of local governments.

　　First, there is a significant increase in total loans for poverty alleviation. In 2010, the central and local governments issued discount funds of 1.14 billion Yuan in total, guided the issuance of 42.87 billion Yuan of loans and the total loans increased by 70% over the previous year. The household loans and project loans both exceeded 21 billion Yuan, the highest in recent years.

　　Secondly, the situation of diversification of financial institutions has been formed. In addition to the Agricultural Bank of China, rural credit cooperatives and the Agricultural Development Bank, ICBC, China Construction Bank, Bank of China, Postal Savings Bank and other local financial institutions are also actively involved in the issuance of anti-poverty discount loans. Through giving play to their operating characteristics and business strength, the financial institutions conducted an open and fair competition. A mechanism for the management and operation of anti-poverty funds in line with the requirements of a market economy has been established. Among the project loans, the loans from Agricultural Bank of China, rural credit cooperatives, the Agricultural Development Bank and other financial institutions respectively accounted for 30.4%, 30.7%, 22.6% and 16.3%.

　　Thirdly, loans are mainly issued to help poor farmers develop income-generating industries. In 2010, a total of 39.46 billion Yuan of loans were issued for farming and industrialization projects, accounting for 92% of the total, covering 42,970 poverty-stricken villages and 26.856 million poor people. By using anti-poverty discount loans and participating in poverty alleviation and development projects, many poor households have earned more income and have got stronger capability for achieving income growth and investing with loans.

　　Local governments also explored the establishment of mechanisms for financial anti-poverty funds to guide issuance of loans and for credit guarantee. In order to address the fund shortage for production and difficulties in obtaining loans, since 2009, Julu County of Hebei Province set up the "organization of volunteers for anti-poverty credit guarantee" composed of civil servants and the "society of honest people with strong sense of self-discipline in poor villages" composed of poor people, established the double insurance model of "cadre guarantee and mutual guarantee between farmers" and, relying on development-oriented poverty alleviation projects, embarked on a new way of financial poverty alleviation based on self-discipline of the masses, supplemented by voluntary guarantee of civil servants and led by financial sector. In 2010, the county’s practice was promoted across the province.

　　4．Support cooperative organizations to explore mechanisms for anti-poverty funds to benefit the poor.  As some poor households lack technology and have weak management capability and weak ability to resist risks, local governments actively explored mechanisms to benefit the poor in the course of construction of farmers’ cooperative organizations in poor areas. With the anti-poverty funds issued by the government, through equity participation, poor households can join the cooperatives, which provide them with production, technology, operation and market services to achieve linkage of their interests, ensure long-term stable income of poor households and enhance the efficiency of financial anti-poverty funds.

　　Strengthen supervision on the management of anti-poverty funds. Through various measures, it strived to establish a funding project follow-up and monitoring system featured prevention in advance, standardization in process and review after project implementation. Through combining sector supervision with the supervision by the masses and public opinion, it ensured the effective, safe and clean operation of anti-poverty fund projects.

　　1．Strengthen the system construction. Local governments all give priority to system building in the management of anti-poverty funds and sophisticated systems have been established for work decision-making, allocation and use of funds, project implementation and acceptance, supervision and inspection, assessment and evaluation, etc. Anti-poverty funds and poverty alleviation projects are both under systematic, procedural and standardized management to ensure clear responsibility and rights, strict management, standardized activities and strong supervision and guarantee fund issuance to villages and households and safe operation of funds as well. Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region has taken eight measures for the management of anti-poverty funds and project management: the implementation of project manager responsibility system, insisting on villager participation system, full implementation of anti-poverty fund project publicity system, practice of poverty alleviation project acceptance and reimbursement system, implementation of "three special and one closed" management system for anti-poverty funds,  practice of project evaluation system, implementation of the system for government procurement or collective enquiry and procurement of bulk materials, and the establishment and improvement of project inspection and performance evaluation system as well. In early 2010, Heilongjiang Provincial Poverty Alleviation Office started system building for regulating the exercise of power, established six systems to regulate the exercise of power and three supervision systems with strict provisions on the allocation procedure of anti-poverty funds and projects.

　　2．Carry out performance evaluation. To further mobilize the enthusiasm of local governments and clarify their responsibilities, the government has gradually improved the poverty reduction effect-oriented mechanism for allocation and incentive of anti-poverty funds, giving priority to key work. In 2010, LGOP and the Ministry of Finance continued the performance evaluation of 2009 anti-poverty funds of various provinces. The performance evaluation played an active role in regulating the use of anti-poverty funds, accelerating the allocation of anti-poverty funds and the implementation of projects, strengthening the management of financial anti-poverty funds and highlighting the efficiency of capital use.

　　3．Strengthen inspection. In accordance with the requirements of the "Opinions on the Special Management and Inspection of Agriculture-benefiting Funds" (Cai Nong [2010] No. 176) and the overall deployment of the ministry-level leading group for checking agriculture-benefiting funds, LGOP organized the poverty alleviation departments at all levels to conduct self-examinations on the financial anti-poverty funds (development funds) issued by the central and local governments from 2007 to 2009. They also carried out supervision on the management of agriculture-benefiting funds of Yunnan and Guizhou. Through special fund inspection, they found out and addressed some problems in the management and use of anti-poverty funds, which played a positive role in promoting problem addressing, improving system building and strengthening the sense of supervision.

　　4．Strengthen supervision and expand monitoring channels. Based on public participation, it combined audit and supervision closely with social supervision and mass supervision and gave full play to the role of financial, audit, discipline inspection and supervision sectors. In 2010, in name of the General Office of the Provincial Government, Guizhou Province issued the "Notice on the Opinions concerning Promoting the Reform of Supervision on the Use of Anti-poverty Funds", which proposes to strengthen supervision in the whole process of allocation, issuance and use of funds, project proposal, approval, implementation, inspection and acceptance, and makes provisions on publicity of the use of funds, project announcement, registration, auditing, monitoring and accountability system. Particularly, the names, sources, amount, project arrangement and implementation units of the anti-poverty funds are all required to be reported to the discipline inspection and supervision departments at the same level for the record within 15 days after project arrangement. This practice gave full play to the role of discipline inspection and supervision departments and effectively integrated the supervision resources of various departments. Chongqing has voluntary supervisors for village-level anti-poverty fund projects. Voluntary supervisors for poor villages are elected by the villagers’ meeting and the poverty alleviation departments announce the village’s poverty reduction projects and the amount of anti-poverty funds. The voluntary supervisors can report to anti-poverty fund supervision departments at any time how the poverty alleviation projects are implemented and whether the anti-poverty funds are issued or not.